What are learning outcomes?
In brief
Learning outcomes are:
- statements that describe what a student can do with their learning;
- statements that use observable and measurable verbs to describe student learning;
- statements that help determine teaching approaches and course assignments that will help students learn;
- statements that indicate what you should assess to measure student learning.
About learning outcomes
Learning outcomes are statements that describe specific knowledge, skills, attitudes, etc. that students should acquire and be able to demonstrate by the end of an assignment, a class, a chapter, a course or a program.
While they are also referred to as learning objectives or learning goals, in this course, we refer to them as learning outcomes which are student-focused and student-friendly.
Learning outcomes focus on student behaviour and denote how depth of learning can be demonstrated while teaching objectives typically focus more on the content or ideas the teacher intends to present.
Because they are student-focused statements, they help students understand what knowledge, skills and values are important, and how that knowledge and those skills and values will be useful for them.
To be effective, learning outcomes should describe observable and measurable behaviour that demonstrates the learning and that can be assessed.
To be observable and measurable, learning outcomes must be constructed using verbs that describe what the student can do (eg: calculate, describe, compare, analyze, etc.). Verbs like ‘appreciate, understand, know’ are NOT observable nor measurable.
understand, recognize, know, appreciate, etc.
Phrases to avoid:
conscious of, aware of, familiar with, interested in, etc.
Because they describe observable and measurable behaviour, learning outcomes help professors select the content to include, and exclude, from a course, and become the basis for selecting learning activities and assessments. In short, the course content, the learning activities, and the evaluations should all align with the learning outcomes.
Learning outcome examples
Here are examples of learning outcomes in six different disciplines.
Knowledge, skills and attitudes
It is likely that your learning outcomes will go beyond content knowledge and discipline-related skills to include important and relevant personal values and characteristics. The distinction is sometimes characterized as cognitive skills (knowledge and skills) and affective skills (long-term values and attitudes). The cognitive skills will typically be what students can demonstrate of their competency in a discipline while the affective skills will determine how well they can manage themselves and interact with peers and eventually colleagues. Below are examples of learning outcomes in each of these areas.
Cognitive skills relate to knowledge and abilities that are generally easier to teach and measure.
Affective skills relate to social and emotional competencies that are generally difficult to teach and measure. They may be more or less important to your course outcomes but are definitely important for your student’s professional future.
Knowledge-based learning outcomes
- By the end of this course, students will be able to identify key strategies in business communications.
- By the end of this course, students will be able to describe historically significant geological events and their impact on modern society.
Skills-based learning outcomes
- By the end of this course, students will be able to conduct a statistical analysis using data gathered to answer a research question or hypothesis.
- By the end of this course, students will be able to create an artistic work that represents a specific feature of current or historical local culture.
Attitude-based learning outcomes
- By the end of this course, students will be able to work collaboratively to complete a project.
- By the end of this course, students will be able to critically examine their position on a current social issue.
Further resources
Battersby, M. (1999). So, What’s a Learning Outcome Anyway?. Retrieved Dec 21, 2022, from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED430611.pdf.
A statement that describes what a student is expected to learn from a single class, a course or an entire program.
