{"id":983,"date":"2024-02-27T17:47:45","date_gmt":"2024-02-27T22:47:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/opentextbooks.concordia.ca\/psyc200\/chapter\/motivation-chapter-resources\/"},"modified":"2025-08-29T19:02:21","modified_gmt":"2025-08-29T23:02:21","slug":"motivation-chapter-resources","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/opentextbooks.concordia.ca\/psyc205\/chapter\/motivation-chapter-resources\/","title":{"raw":"Chapter Resources","rendered":"Chapter Resources"},"content":{"raw":"<h1>References<\/h1>\r\n<div class=\"pdf\">The reference list for this chapter has been excluded from this file to reduce page count. The full reference list can be viewed online at opentextbc.ca\/psychologymtdi\/chapter\/motivation-chapter-resources\/.<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div class=\"references\">\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Adelmann, P. K., &amp; Zajonc, R. B. (1989). Facial efference and the experience of emotion.<em> Annual Review of Psychology, 40,<\/em> 249\u2013280. https:\/\/www.annualreviews.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1146\/annurev.ps.40.020189.001341<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Adhikari, A. (2016). Anthropometric and Somatotype Characteristics of Emigrant Canadian Women Living in Canada. <em>American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 4<\/em>(1), 22. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11648\/J.AJSS.S.2016040101.14<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Ahima, R. S., &amp; Antwi, D. A. (2008). Brain regulation of appetite and satiety. <em>Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America, 37,<\/em> 811\u2013823. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecl.2008.08.005<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Ahmad, S., Ch., A. H., Batool, A., Sittar, K., &amp; Malik, M. (2016). Play and cognitive development: Formal operational perspective of Piaget\u2019s theory. <em>Journal of Education and Practice, 7<\/em>(72), 72-79. https:\/\/eric.ed.gov\/?id=EJ1118552<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Aldao, A., &amp; Dixon-Gordon, K. L. (2014). Broadening the scope of research on emotion regulation strategies and psychopathology. <em>Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 43<\/em>(1), 22\u201333. https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/16506073.2013.816769<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Schweizer, S. (2010). Emotion regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analysis. <em>Clinical Psychology Review, 30<\/em>, 217\u2013237. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/20015584<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Allen, L. S., &amp; Gorski, R. A. (1992). Sexual orientation and the size of the anterior commissure in the human brain. <em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 89,<\/em> 7199\u20137202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.89.15.7199<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Amabile, T. (1985). Motivation and creativity: Effects of motivational orientation on creative writers. <em>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48<\/em>(2), 393-399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.48.2.393<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">American Psychiatric Association. (2013).<em> Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders<\/em> (5th ed.). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">American Psychiatric Association. (2013). <em>Feeding and eating disorders. <\/em>http:\/\/www.dsm5.org\/documents\/eating%20disorders%20fact%20sheet.pdf<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Ansbacher, H. L. (1971). The concept of social interest.<em> Individual Psychology, 27<\/em>(2), 137-153.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Arnold, H. J. (1976). Effects of performance feedback and extrinsic reward upon high intrinsic motivation. <em>Organizational behaviour and Human Performance, 17<\/em>, 275-288. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0030-5073(76)90067-2<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Aston, M., Price, S., Kirk, S., &amp; Penney, T. (2012). More than meets the eye. Feminist poststructuralism as a lens towards understanding obesity. <em>Journal of Advanced Nursing, 68<\/em>(5), 1187-1194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2011.05866.x<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Babakr, Z. H., Mohamedamin, P., &amp; Kakamad, K. (2019). Piaget's cognitive developmental theory: Critical review.<em> Education Quarterly Reviews, 2<\/em>(3), 517-524. https:\/\/eric.ed.gov\/?id=EJ1274368<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Bailey, M. J., &amp; Pillard, R. C. (1991). A genetic study of male sexual orientation. <em>Archives of General Psychiatry, 48<\/em>, 1089\u20131096. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archpsyc.1991.01810360053008<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Baldwin, J. D., &amp; Baldwin, J. I. (1989). The socialization of homosexuality and heterosexuality in a non-western society.<em> Archives of Sexual behaviour, 18,<\/em> 13\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF01579288<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Bancroft, J. (2004). Alfred C. Kinsey and the politics of sex research.<em> Annual Review of Sex Research, 15<\/em>, 1\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10532528.2004.10559818<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Bandura, A. (1994). Self-efficacy. In V. S. Ramachandran (Ed.), <em>Encyclopedia of human behaviour<\/em> (Vol. 4, pp. 71\u201381). Academic Press.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Barrett, L. F. (2017). The theory of constructed emotion: An active inference account of interoception and categorization. <em>Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 12<\/em>, 1\u201323. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5691871\/<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Baumeister, R. F., &amp; Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. <em>Psychological Bulletin, 117<\/em>(3), 497-529.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Bauminger, N. (2002). The facilitation of social-emotional understanding and social interaction in high-functioning children with autism: Intervention outcomes. <em>Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 32, <\/em>283\u2013298. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1016378718278<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Becker, D., Bouchard, C., Carleton, R., Dietz, W., Foreyt, J., Grundy, S., Kumanyika, S., Prewitt, E., Rocchini, A., Smith, P. L., Snetselaar, L., Sowers, J., Williamson, D., Donato, K., Horan, M., Hubbard, V., &amp; Brown, C. (1998). Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. <em>WMJ: official publication of the State Medical Society of Wisconsin, 97<\/em>(9), 20-1, 24-5, 27-37. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archinte.158.17.1855<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Becker, J. B., Rudick, C. N., &amp; Jenkins, W. J. (2001). The role of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens and striatum during sexual behaviour in the female rat. <em>Journal of Neuroscience, 21<\/em>, 3236\u20133241. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-09-03236.2001<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Becker, J. M. (2012, April 25). <em>Dr. Robert Spitzer apologizes to gay community for infamous \u201cex-gay\u201d study. <\/em>http:\/\/www.truthwinsout.org\/news\/2012\/04\/24542\/<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Beedie, C. J., Terry, P. C., Lane, A. M., &amp; Devonport, T. J. (2011). Differential assessment of emotions and moods: Development and validation of the emotion and mood components of anxiety questionnaire. <em>Personality and Individual Differences, 50,<\/em> 228\u2013233. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.paid.2010.09.034<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">B\u00e9langer-Ducharme, F., &amp; Tremblay, A. (2005). Prevalence of obesity in Canada. <em>Obesity Reviews, 6. <\/em>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2005.00179.x<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Bell, A. P., Weinberg, M. S., &amp; Hammersmith, S. K. (1981). <em>Sexual preferences: Its development in men and women<\/em>. Indiana University Press.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Berlyne, D. E. (1960). Toward a theory of exploratory behaviour: II. Arousal potential, perceptual curiosity, and learning. In (Series Ed.), <em>Conflict, arousal, and curiosity <\/em>(pp. 193\u2013227). McGraw-Hill Book Company.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Bhasin, S., Enzlin, P., Coviello, A., &amp; Basson, R. (2007). Sexual dysfunction in men and women with endocrine disorders. <em>The Lancet, 369,<\/em> 597\u2013611. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60280-3<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Bianchini, F., Kaaks, R., &amp; Vainio, H. (2002). Weight control and physical activity in cancer prevention. <em>Obesity Reviews, 3<\/em>, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1467-789X.2002.00046.x<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Birmingham, C. L., Su, J., Hlynsky, J. A., Goldner, E. M., &amp; Gao, M. (2005). The mortality rate from anorexia nervosa.<em> The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 38<\/em>(2), 143-146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/EAT.20164<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Blackford, J. U., &amp; Pine, D. S. (2012). Neural substrates of childhood anxiety disorders: A review of neuroimaging findings. <em>Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 21,<\/em> 501\u2013525. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chc.2012.05.002<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Blackstock, C. (2007). The Emergence of the Breath of Life Theory. <em>Journal of Social Work Values &amp; Ethics, 8<\/em>(1), 13\u201328.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Blackstock, C. (2011). Revisiting the Breath of Life Theory. <em>British Journal of Social Work, 49<\/em>(4), 854\u2013859. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bjsw\/bcz047<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Blackstock, C. (2019). Revisiting breath of life theory.\u00a0 <em>British Journal of Social Work, 49,<\/em> 854-859. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bjsw\/bcz047<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Blackstock, C. (2021). <em>Dr Cindy Blackstock on Breath of Life theory and Leadership<\/em> [Video]. YouTube. https:\/\/youtu.be\/SoNQqhTGQkw?feature=shared<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Blackstock, C. (2021). The breath of life theory: Indigenous child welfare in Canada. <em>Journal of Indigenous Social Development, 10<\/em>(1), 1-15.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Bl\u00fcher, M. (2013). Adipose tissue dysfunction contributes to obesity-related metabolic diseases. Best Practice &amp; Research. <em>Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism, 27<\/em>(2), 163-177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beem.2013.02.005<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Boiger, M., &amp; Mesquita, B. (2012). The construction of emotion in interactions, relationships, and cultures. <em>Emotion Review, 4<\/em>, 221\u2013229. https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1754073912439765<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Bonder, R., &amp; Mantler, T. (2015). The Efficacy of Motivational Interviewing and Adapted Motivational Interviewing as an Eating Disorder Intervention: A Scoping Review. Western Undergraduate Research <em>Journal: Health and Natural Sciences, 5<\/em>, 8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5206\/WURJHNS.2014-15.8<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Bremner, J. D., &amp; Vermetten, E. (2004). Neuroanatomical changes associated with pharmacotherapy in posttraumatic stress disorder. <em>Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1032, <\/em>154\u2013157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1196\/annals.1314.012<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Brencio, H. (2016). <em>Logotherapy and existential analysis: Proceedings of the Viktor Frankl Institute Vienna, Volume 1.<\/em> Springer.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Brenner, D. R., Poirier, A., Ruan, Y., Hebert, L. A., Grevers, X., Walter, S., Villeneuve, P. J., &amp; Friedenreich, C. M. (2019). Estimates of the current and future burden of cancer attributable to excess body weight and abdominal adiposity in Canada. <em>Preventive Medicine, 122<\/em>, 49-64. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.03.014<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Brooks, J. G., &amp; Goldstein, S. (2013). Mindset: The new psychology of success. <em>Journal of Applied School Psychology, 29<\/em>(4), 299-307.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Brown, S. A. S. (2014). <em>Native Self-Actualization: Transformation Beyond Greed.<\/em> (Self-Published).<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Buck, R. (1980). Nonverbal behaviour and the theory of emotion: The facial feedback hypothesis. <em>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38<\/em>, 811\u2013824. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.38.5.811<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Bullough, V. L. (1998). Alfred Kinsey and the Kinsey report: Historical overview and lasting contributions. <em>The Journal of Sex Research, 35<\/em>, 127\u2013131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00224499809551925<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Byne, W., Tobet, S., Mattiace, L. A., Lasco, M. S., Kemether, E., Edgar, M. A., . . . Jones, L. B. (2001). The interstitial nuclei of the human anterior hypothalamus: An investigation of variation with sex, sexual orientation, and HIV status. <em>Hormones and behaviour, 40<\/em>, 86\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/hbeh.2001.1680<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Cameron, J., &amp; Pierce, W. D. (1994). Reinforcement, reward, and intrinsic motivation: A meta-analysis. <em>Review of Educational Research, 64<\/em>(3), 363-423. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3102\/00346543064003363<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Capella, J. N. (1993). The facial feedback hypothesis in human interaction: Review and speculation. <em>Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 12<\/em>(12), 13\u201329. https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0261927X93121002<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Carducci, B. J. (2020). Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. In <em>The Wiley Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences<\/em>. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4135\/9781412964289.n627<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Carey, B. (2012, May 18). Psychiatry giant sorry for backing gay \u2018cure.\u2019 <em>The New York Times. <\/em>http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2012\/05\/19\/health\/dr-robert-l-spitzer-noted-psychiatrist-apologizes-for-study-on-gay-cure.html?_r=0<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Carpenito-Moyet, L. J. (2003). Maslow\u2019s Hierarchy of Needs--revisited. <em>Nursing forum. 38<\/em>(2), 3-4. doi:10.1111\/j.1744-6198.2003.tb01204.x<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Carter, C. S. (1992). Hormonal influences on human sexual behaviour. In J. B. Becker, S. M. Breedlove, &amp; D. Crews (Eds.), <em>Behavioural endocrinology<\/em> (pp.131\u2013142). MIT Press.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Cassidy, S. B., &amp; Driscoll, D. J. (2009). Prader-Willi syndrome. <em>European Journal of Human Genetics, 17<\/em>, 3\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ejhg.2008.165<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2012)<em>. Overweight and obesity. <\/em>http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/obesity\/index.html<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Chwalisz, K., Diener, E., &amp; Gallagher, D. (1988). Autonomic arousal feedback and emotional experience: Evidence from the spinal cord injured. <em>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54,<\/em> 820\u2013828. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.54.5.820<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Clayton, R. M., &amp; Ritter, B. A. (2023). <em>McClelland\u2019s theory of needs.<\/em> SAGE Publications. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4135\/9781071923719<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Col\u0103cel, O. (2016). Edibles and Other Offerings to Readers: The Politics of Gender and Food in Narrative Fiction.<em> Messages, Sages and Ages, 3, <\/em>70-74. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/msas-2016-0017<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Colapinto, J. (2000). <em>As nature made him: The boy who was raised as a girl. <\/em>Harper Collins.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Collier, D. A., &amp; Treasure, J. L. (2004). The aetiology of eating disorders. <em>The British Journal of Psychiatry, 185<\/em>, 363\u2013365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.185.5.363<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Conrad, P. (2005). The shifting engines of medicalization. <em>Journal of Health and Social behaviour, 46<\/em>, 3\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/002214650504600102<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Cornelius, R. R. (1991). Gregorio Mara\u00f1on\u2019s two-factor theory of emotion. Personality and Social <em>Psychology Bulletin, 17<\/em>(1), 65\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0146167291171010<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Creighton, S. (2001). Surgery for intersex. <em>Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 94<\/em>, 218\u2013220. https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/014107680109400505<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Cui, X. (2023). Unraveling University Students\u2019 Socio-Psychological Needs in Chinese Cultural Context: Grounded in Maslow\u2019s Hierarchy of Needs. <em>The Eastasouth Journal of Learning and Educations<\/em>. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.58812\/esle.v1i03.172<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Cunha, C., Monfils, M. H., &amp; LeDoux, J. E. (2010). GABA(C) receptors in the lateral amygdala: A possible novel target for the treatment of fear and anxiety disorders? <em>Frontiers in behavioural Neuroscience, 4,<\/em> 6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/neuro.08.006.2010<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Daly Wagner, M., &amp; French, R. (2010). Motivation, work satisfaction, and teacher change among early childhood teachers.<em> Journal of Educational Research, 103<\/em>(3), 191-208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02568541003635268<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Daniel, T. L., &amp; Esser, J. K. (1980). Intrinsic motivation as influenced by rewards, task interest, and task structure.<em> Journal of Applied Psychology, 65<\/em>, 566\u2013573. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0021-9010.65.5.566<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Darwin, C. (1872). <em>The expression of emotions in man and animals. <\/em>Appleton.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Davis, J. I., Senghas, A., &amp; Ochsner, K. N. (2009). How does facial feedback modulate emotional experience?<em> Journal of Research in Personality, 43,<\/em> 822\u2013829. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jrp.2009.06.005<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">de Gelder, B. (2006). Towards the neurobiology of emotional body language. <em>Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 7, <\/em>242\u2013249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrn1872<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">DeCarvalho, R. J. (1989). <em>The founders of humanistic psychology. Praeger Publishers\/Greenwood<\/em>. Publishing Group.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Deci, E. L. (1972). Intrinsic motivation, extrinsic reinforcement, and inequity. <em>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 22<\/em>, 113\u2013120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0032355<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Deci, E. L., Koestner, R., &amp; Ryan, R. M. (1999). A meta-analytic review of experiments examining the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation. <em>Psychological Bulletin, 125<\/em>(6), 627-668. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.125.6.627<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Deci, E. L., Vallerand, R. J., Pelletier, L. G., &amp; Ryan, R. M. (1994). Motivation and education: The self-determination perspective. <em>Educational Psychologist, 29<\/em>(3), 325-346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00461520.1991.9653137<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Donahoo, D. (2016). Playing games teaching human rights. <em>Ethos<\/em>, 24, 22. https:\/\/search.informit.org\/doi\/abs\/10.3316\/informit.201979852664485<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Drazen, D. L., &amp; Woods, S. C. (2003). Peripheral signals in the control of satiety and hunger. <em>Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care, 5<\/em>, 621\u2013629.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Druce, M.R., Small, C.J., &amp; Bloom, S.R. (2004). Minireview: Gut peptides regulating satiety.<em> Endocrinology, 145,<\/em> 2660\u20132665. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/en.2004-0089<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Durso, L. E., &amp; Latner, J. D. (2008). Understanding self-directed stigma: Development of the weight bias internalization scale. <em>Obesity, 16<\/em>(S2), S80-S86. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/oby.2008.448<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Dweck, C. S. (2021). <em>Mindset: The new psychology of success. <\/em>Random House.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Easterbrook, M. J., Wright, M., Dittmar, H., &amp; Banerjee, R. (2014). Consumer culture ideals, extrinsic motivations, and well-being in children. <em>European Journal of Social Psychology, 44<\/em>(4), 349-359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejsp.2020<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Ekman, P. (1972). Universals and cultural differences in facial expressions of emotions. In J. Cole (Ed.), <em>Nebraska Symposium on Motivation<\/em> (pp. 207\u2013282). University of Nebraska Press. https:\/\/1ammce38pkj41n8xkp1iocwe-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/Universals-And-Cultural-Differences-In-Facial-Expressions-Of.pdf<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Ekman, P., &amp; Keltner, D. (1997). Universal facial expressions of emotion: An old controversy and new findings. In U. Segerstr\u00e5le &amp; P. Moln\u00e1r (Eds.), <em>Nonverbal communication: Where nature meets culture <\/em>(pp. 27\u201346). Lawrence Erlbaum.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Elgin, J., &amp; Pritchard, M. (2006). Age Differences in Eating Disordered behaviour and Its Correlates. <em>Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research, 11<\/em>, 63-70.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Emborg, C. (1999). Mortality and causes of death in eating disorders in Denmark 1970-1993: a case register study. <em>The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 25<\/em>(3), 243-251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/(SICI)1098-108X(199904)25:3&lt;243::AID-EAT1&gt;3.0.CO;2-2<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Erikson, E. H. (1963). <em>Childhood and society<\/em> (2nd ed.). W. W. Norton &amp; Company.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Everett, B. J. (1990). Sexual motivation: A neural and behavioural analysis of the mechanisms underlying appetitive and copulatory responses of male rats. <em>Neuroscience and Biobehavioural Reviews, 14,<\/em> 217\u2013232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0149-7634(05)80222-2<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Eyal, N. (2019). <em>Indistractable: How to Control Your Attention and Choose Your Life<\/em>. BenBella Books.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Faris, E. (1921). Are instincts data or hypotheses? <em>American Journal of Sociology, 27, <\/em>184\u2013196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/213303<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Femen\u00eda, T., G\u00f3mez-Gal\u00e1n, M., Lindskog, M., &amp; Magara, S. (2012). Dysfunctional hippocampal activity affects emotion and cognition in mood disorders. <em>Brain Research, 1476, <\/em>58\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brainres.2012.03.053<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Fock, K., &amp; Khoo, J. (2013). Diet and exercise in management of obesity and overweight.<em> Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. <\/em>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jgh.12407<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Fossati, P. (2012). Neural correlates of emotion processing: From emotional to social brain. <em>European Neuropsychopharmacology, 22,<\/em> S487\u2013S491. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2012.07.008<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Fournier, J. C., Keener, M. T., Almeida, J., Kronhaus, D. M., &amp; Phillips, M. L. (2013). Amygdala and whole-brain activity to emotional faces distinguishes major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder. <em>Bipolar Disorders. Advance online publication. <\/em>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bdi.12106<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Francis, N. H., &amp; Kritsonis, W. A. (2006). A brief analysis of Abraham Maslow\u2019s original writing of Self-Actualizing People: A Study of Psychological Health. <em>Doctoral Forum National Journal of Publishing and Mentoring Doctoral Student Research, 3<\/em>, 1\u20137. https:\/\/eric.ed.gov\/?id=ED501708<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Frijda, N. H. (1988). The laws of emotion. <em>American Psychologist, 43<\/em>, 349\u2013358. https:\/\/doi.org\/record\/1988-28577-001<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Gloy, V. L., Briel, M., Bhatt, D. L., Kashyap, S. R., Schauer, P. R., Mingrone, G., . . . Nordmann, A. J. (2013, October 22). Bariatric surgery versus non-surgical treatment for obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. <em>BMJ, 347<\/em>. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.f5934<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Golan, O., &amp; Baron-Cohen, S. (2006). Systemizing empathy: Teaching adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism to recognize complex emotions using interactive multimedia. <em>Development and Psychopathology, 18<\/em>, 591\u2013617. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0954579406060305<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Goldstein, K. (1939). <em>The organism.<\/em> American Book Co.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Goosens, K. A., &amp; Maren, S. (2002). Long-term potentiation as a substrate for memory: Evidence from studies of amygdaloid plasticity and Pavlovian fear conditioning.<em> Hippocampus, 12,<\/em> 592\u2013599. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hipo.10099<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Gore, S. V. (1999). African-American women's perceptions of weight: paradigm shift for advanced practice. <em>Holistic Nursing Practice, 13<\/em>(4), 71-79. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00004650-199907000-00011<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Gottfried, A. E., Fleming, J. S., &amp; Gottfried, A. W. (2009). Continuity of academic intrinsic motivation from childhood through late adolescence: A longitudinal study.<em> Journal of Educational Psychology, 101<\/em>(1), 158-175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-0663.93.1.3<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Graham, S., &amp; Weiner, B. (1996). Theories and principles of motivation. In D. C. Berliner &amp; R. C. Calfee (Eds.), <em>Handbook of educational psychology<\/em> (pp. 63\u201384). Routledge.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Greary, N. (1990). Pancreatic glucagon signals postprandial satiety. <em>Neuroscience and Biobehavioural Reviews, 14<\/em>, 323\u2013328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0149-7634(05)80042-9<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Gross, J. J. (1999). Emotion regulation: Past, present, and future. <em>Cognition &amp; Emotion, 13,<\/em> 551\u2013573. https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/026999399379186<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Guastella, A. J., Einfeld, S. L., Gray, K. M., Rinehart, N. J., Tonge, B. J., Lambert, T. J., &amp; Hickie, I. B. (2010). Intranasal oxytocin improves emotion recognition for youth with autism spectrum disorders.<em> Biological Psychiatry, 67,<\/em> 692\u2013694. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.020<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Gucciardi, E., Celasun, N., Ahmad, F., &amp; Stewart, D. E. (2004). Eating Disorders.<em> BMC Women's Health, 4(Suppl 1),<\/em> S21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1472-6874-4-S1-S21<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Hall, J. A., &amp; Kimura, D. (1994). Dermatoglyphic asymmetry and sexual orientation in men. <em>Behavioural Neuroscience, 108<\/em>(6), 1203\u20131206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0735-7044.108.6.1203<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Hamer, D. H., Hu. S., Magnuson, V. L., Hu, N., &amp; Pattatucci, A. M. (1993). A linkage between DNA markers on the X chromosome and male sexual orientation. <em>Science, 261<\/em>, 321-327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.8332896<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Hanssen, R., Kretschmer, A., Rigoux, L., Albus, K., Edwin Thanarajah, S., Sitnikow, T., Melzer, C., Cornely, O. A., Br\u00fcning, J. C., &amp; Tittgemeyer, M. (2021). GLP-1 and hunger modulate incentive motivation depending on insulin sensitivity in humans. <em>Molecular Metabolism. <\/em>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101163<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Havas, D. A., Glenberg, A. M., Gutowski, K. A., Lucarelli, M. J., &amp; Davidson, R. J. (2010). Cosmetic use of botulinum toxin-A affects processing of emotional language. <em>Psychological Science, 21, <\/em>895\u2013900. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0956797610374742<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Hepach, R., Vaish, A., &amp; Tomasello, M. (2013). Young children are intrinsically motivated to see others helped. <em>Psychological Science, 24<\/em>(9), 1833-1840. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0956797612440571<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Hobson, R. P. (1986). The autistic child\u2019s appraisal of expressions of emotion. <em>The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 27,<\/em> 321\u2013342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1986.tb01836.x<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Hock, R. R. (2008). <em>Forty studies that changed psychology: Explorations into the history of psychological research<\/em> (6th ed.). Pearson.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Hopp, H., Troy, A. S., &amp; Mauss, I. B. (2011). The unconscious pursuit of emotion regulation: Implications for psychological health. <em>Cognition and Emotion, 25,<\/em> 532\u2013545. https:\/\/www.ocf.berkeley.edu\/~eerlab\/pdf\/papers\/2011_Hopp_unconscious_pursuit_of_emotion_regulation.pdf<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Hu, S. H., Wei, N., Wang, Q. D., Yan, L. Q., Wei, E.Q., Zhang, M. M., . . . Xu, Y. (2008). Patterns of brain activation during visually evoked sexual arousal differ between homosexual and heterosexual men. <em>American Journal of Neuroradiology, 29<\/em>, 1890\u20131896. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3174\/ajnr.A1260<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Hudson, J., Hiripi, \u00c8., Pope, H., &amp; Kessler, R. (2007). The Prevalence and Correlates of Eating Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. <em>Biological Psychiatry, 61<\/em>, 348-358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.03.040<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Hughes, I. A., Houk, C., Ahmed, S. F., Lee, P. A., LWPES Consensus Group, &amp; ESPE Consensus Group. (2006). Consensus statement on management of intersex disorders. <em>Archives of Disease in Childhood, 91,<\/em> 554\u2013563. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2082839\/<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Hull, C. L. (1943).<em> Principles of behaviour: An Introduction to behaviour Theory.<\/em> Appleton-Century-Crofts.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Human Rights Campaign. (n.d.).<em> The lies and dangers of efforts to change sexual orientation or gender identity.<\/em> http:\/\/www.hrc.org\/resources\/entry\/the-lies-and-dangers-of-reparative-therapy<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Hunger, J. M., Major, B., Blodorn, A., &amp; Miller, C. T. (2015). Weighed down by stigma: How weight-based social identity threat contributes to weight gain and poor health.<em> Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 9<\/em>(6), 255-268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/spc3.12172<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Jackson, S. E., Beeken, R. J., &amp; Wardle, J. (2015). Perceived weight discrimination and changes in weight, waist circumference, and weight status.<em> Obesity, 23<\/em>(12), 2485-2488. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/oby.20891<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Jenkins, W. J. (2010). Can anyone tell me why I\u2019m gay? What research suggests regarding the origins of sexual orientation. <em>North American Journal of Psychology, 12,<\/em> 279\u2013296.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Jenkins, W. J., &amp; Becker, J. B. (2001). Role of the striatum and nucleus accumbens in paced copulatory behaviour in the female rat. <em>Behavioural Brain Research, 121,<\/em> 19\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0166-4328(00)00394-6<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Joyner, M. A., Kim, S., &amp; Gearhardt, A. N. (2017). Investigating an incentive-sensitization model of eating behaviour: Impact of a simulated fast-food laboratory. <em>Clinical Psychological Science. <\/em>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2167702617718828<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Karwowski, M. (2016). The dynamics of creative self-concept: Changes and reciprocal relations between creative self-efficacy and creative personal identity. <em>Creativity Research Journal, 28<\/em>, 99-104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10400419.2016.1125254<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Kaufman, S. B. (2021).<em> Transcend: The New Science of Self-Actualization<\/em>. TarcherPerigee.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Keijer, J., Hoevenaars, F., Nieuwenhuizen, A., &amp; van Schothorst, E. V. (2014). Nutrigenomics of Body Weight Regulation: A Rationale for Careful Dissection of Individual Contributors.<em> Nutrients, 6<\/em>(10), 4531-4551. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu6104531<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Kennedy, K. (2017). Coverage in transition: Considerations when expanding employer-provided health coverage to LGBTI employees and beneficiaries. <em>The John Marhsall Institutional Repository, 24<\/em>(1). https:\/\/repository.jmls.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1691&amp;context=facpubs<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Keski-Rahkonen, A., Raevuori, A., &amp; Hoek, H. (2008). Epidemiology of eating disorders: an update. In S.A. Wonderlich, J.E. Mitchell &amp; M. de Zwaan (Eds.), <em>Annual review of eating disorders<\/em>. CRC Press.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Kimble, M. A. (2014). <em>Viktor Frankl's logotherapy: Method of choice in ecumenical pastoral psychology. <\/em>Pickwick Publications.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Kinsey, A. C., Pomeroy, W. B., &amp; Martin, C. E. (1948). <em>Sexual behaviour in the human male. <\/em>W.B. Saunders Company.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Kolahdooz, F., Sadeghirad, B., Corriveau, A., &amp; Sharma, S. (2017). Prevalence of overweight and obesity among indigenous populations in Canada: A systematic review and meta-analysis. <em>Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 57<\/em>(8), 1316-1327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10408398.2014.913003<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Koltko-Rivera, M. E. (2006). Rediscovering the later version of Maslow\u2019s hierarchy of needs: Self-transcendence and opportunities for theory, research, and unification. <em>Review of General Psychology, 10,<\/em> 302\u2013317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1089-2680.10.4.302<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Konturek, S. J., Pepera, J., Zabielski, K., Konturek, P. C., Pawlick, T., Szlachcic, A., &amp; Hahn. (2003). Brain-gut axis in pancreatic secretion and appetite control. <em>Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 54<\/em>, 293\u2013317.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Kramer, P. D. (1995). Listening to Prozac. Penguin Books.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Kumanyika, S. (1995). Cultural factors in desirable body shapes and their impact on weight loss and maintenance. In D.B. Allison &amp; F.X. Pi-Sunyer, <em>Obesity treatment <\/em>(pp. 79-82). Springer. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4615-1901-0_10<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Lang, P. J. (1994). The varieties of emotional experience: A meditation on James-Lange theory. <em>Psychological Review, 101<\/em>, 211\u2013221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-295X.101.2.211<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Lavie, C., Milani, R., &amp; Ventura, H. (2009). Obesity and cardiovascular disease: risk factor, paradox, and impact of weight loss. <em>Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 53<\/em>(21), 1925-1932. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.12.068<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Cognition and motivation in emotion. <em>American Psychologist, 46,<\/em> 352\u2013367. https:\/\/doi.org\/record\/1991-23402-001<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Lazarus, R. S. (1991). <em>Emotion and adaptation. <\/em>Oxford University Press.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">LeDoux, J. E. (1996). <em>The emotional brain: The mysterious underpinnings of emotional life.<\/em> Simon &amp; Schuster.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">LeDoux, J. E. (2002). <em>The synaptic self.<\/em> Macmillan.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Leonard, G. (1982). The failure of self-actualization theory: A critique of Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow. <em>Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 22,<\/em> 56\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022167882222004<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">LeVay, S. (1991). A difference in the hypothalamic structure between heterosexual and homosexual men. <em>Science, 253,<\/em> 1034\u20131037. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1887219<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">LeVay, S. (1996). <em>Queer science: The use and abuse of research into homosexuality. <\/em>The MIT Press.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Levenson, R. W., Carstensen, L. L., Friesen, W. V., &amp; Ekman, P. (1991). Emotion, physiology, and expression in old age. <em>Psychology and Aging, 6,<\/em> 28\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/record\/1991-18170-001<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Levy-Gigi, E., Szab\u00f3, C., Kelemen, O., &amp; K\u00e9ri, S. (2013). Association among clinical response, hippocampal volume, and FKBP5 gene expression in individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder receiving cognitive behavioural therapy.<em> Biological Psychiatry, 74<\/em>, 793\u2013800. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.05.017<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Lippa, R. A. (2003). Handedness, sexual orientation, and gender-related personality traits in men and women.<em> Archives of Sexual behaviour, 32<\/em>, 103\u2013114.\r\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1022444223812<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Loehlin, J. C., &amp; McFadden, D. (2003). Otoacoustic emissions, auditory evoked potentials, and traits related to sex and sexual orientation. <em>Archives of Sexual behaviour, 32<\/em>, 115\u2013127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1022496207882<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Lunger, F., Aeschbacher, P., Nett, P., &amp; Peros, G. (2022). The impact of bariatric and metabolic surgery on cancer development. <em>Frontiers in Surgery, 9<\/em>. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fsurg.2022.918272<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Macdonald, H., Rutter, M., Howlin, P., Rios, P., Conteur, A. L., Evered, C., &amp; Folstein, S. (1989). Recognition and expression of emotional cues by autistic and normal adults. <em>Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 30<\/em>, 865\u2013877. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1989.tb00288.x<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Malatesta, C. Z., &amp; Haviland, J. M. (1982). Learning display rules: The socialization of emotion expression in infancy. <em>Child Development, 53<\/em>, 991\u20131003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/1129139<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Malson, H., &amp; Burns, M. (2009). <em>Critical Feminist Approaches to Eating Dis\/orders<\/em>. Routledge. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9780203876442<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Maren, S., Phan, K. L., &amp; Liberzon, I. (2013). The contextual brain: Implications for fear conditioning, extinction and psychopathology. <em>Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 14<\/em>, 417\u2013428. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrn3492<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Martin-Gronert, M. S., &amp; Ozanne, S. E. (2013). Early life programming of obesity. <em>Developmental Period Medicine, 17<\/em>, 7\u201312.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. <em>Psychological Review, 50<\/em>(4), 370-396.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Matsumoto, D. (1990). Cultural similarities and differences in display rules. <em>Motivation and Emotion, 14, <\/em>195\u2013214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00995569<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Matsumoto, D., Yoo, S. H., &amp; Nakagawa, S. (2008). Culture, emotion regulation, and adjustment.<em> Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94<\/em>, 925\u2013937. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.94.6.925<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Mauss, I. B., &amp; Robinson, M. D. (2009). Measures of emotion: A review. <em>Cognition and Emotion, 23, 209\u2013237<\/em>. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2756702\/<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Mauss, I. B., Bunge, S. A., &amp; Gross, J. J. (2007). Automatic emotion regulation. Social and Personality <em>Psychology Compass, 1,<\/em> 146\u2013167. https:\/\/www.ocf.berkeley.edu\/~eerlab\/pdf\/papers\/2007_Mauss_Automatic%20Emotion%20Regulation.pdf<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Mauss, I. B., Cook, C. L., &amp; Gross, J. J. (2007). Automatic emotion regulation during anger provocation. <em>Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43<\/em>, 698\u2013711. https:\/\/doi.org\/record\/2007-12302-004<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Mauss, I. B., Cook, C. L., Cheng, J. Y. J., &amp; Gross, J. J. (2007). Individual differences in cognitive reappraisal: Experiential and physiological responses to an anger provocation.<em> International Journal of Psychophysiology, 66<\/em>, 116\u2013124. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/17543404<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Mauss, I. B., Levenson, R. W., McCarter, L., Wilhelm, F. H., &amp; Gross, J. J. (2005). The tie that binds? Coherence among emotion experience, behaviour, and physiology.<em> Emotion, 5<\/em>, 175\u2013190. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/15982083<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Mayo Clinic. (2012a). <em>Anorexia nervosa.<\/em> http:\/\/www.mayoclinic.com\/health\/anorexia\/DS00606<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Mayo Clinic. (2012b). <em>Bulimia nervosa. <\/em>http:\/\/www.mayoclinic.com\/health\/bulimia\/DS00607<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Mayo Clinic. (2013). <em>Gastric bypass surgery.<\/em> http:\/\/www.mayoclinic.com\/health\/gastric-bypass\/MY00825<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">McAdams, D. P. (1980). A thematic coding system for the intimacy motive.<em> Journal of Research in Personality, 14<\/em>(4), 413-432. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0092-6566(80)90001-X<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">McAdams, D. P., &amp; Constantian, C. A. (1983). Intimacy and affiliation motives in daily living: An experience sampling analysis.<em> Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45<\/em>(4), 851-861. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.45.4.851<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">McCall, B. (2024). Is Body Fat a Better Measure of Obesity in Midlife Than BMI? <em>Medscape<\/em>, May 16. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.medscape.com\/viewarticle\/body-fat-better-measure-obesity-midlife-than-bmi-2024a10009d8?ecd=wnl_tp10_daily_240518_MSCPEDIT_etid6525327&amp;uac=397526MR&amp;impID=6525327<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">McClelland, D. C., &amp; Liberman, A. M. (1949). The effect of need for achievement on recognition of need-related words. <em>Journal of Personality, 18<\/em>(2), 236-251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-6494.1949.tb01243.x<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">McCuen\u2010Wurst, C., Ruggieri, M., &amp; Allison, K. (2018). Disordered eating and obesity: associations between binge\u2010eating disorder, night\u2010eating syndrome, and weight\u2010related comorbidities.<em> Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1411<\/em>. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nyas.13467<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">McFadden, D., &amp; Champlin, C. A. (2000). Comparisons of auditory evoked potentials in heterosexual, homosexual, and bisexual males and females. <em>Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology, 1,<\/em> 89\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s101620010008<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">McFadden, D., &amp; Pasanen, E. G. (1998). Comparisons of the auditory systems of heterosexuals and homosexuals: Clicked-evoked otoacoustic emissions. <em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 95<\/em>, 2709\u20132713. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.95.5.2709<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">McRae, K., Ochsner, K. N., Mauss, I. B., Gabrieli, J. J. D., &amp; Gross, J. J. (2008). Gender differences in emotion regulation: An fMRI study of cognitive reappraisal. <em>Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 11,<\/em> 143\u2013162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1368430207088035<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Miguel-Hidalgo, J. J. (2013). Brain structural and functional changes in adolescents with psychiatric disorders.<em> International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, 25, <\/em>245\u2013256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/ijamh-2013-0058<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Miller, P. H. (2010). T<em>heories of developmental psychology <\/em>(5th ed.). Worth Publishers.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Mirkarimi, K., Charkazi, A., Honarvar, M., Kabir, M., Berdi Ozouni- Davaji, R., Aryaie, M., &amp; Eri, M. (2016). Effect of motivational interviewing on physical activity intention among obese and overweight women using protection motivation theory: <em>A randomized clinical trial. Journal of Research in Health Sciences, 16<\/em>(3), 116-121.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Mohler-Kuo, M., Schnyder, U., Dermota, P., Wei, W., &amp; Milos, G. (2016). The prevalence, correlates, and help-seeking of eating disorders in Switzerland. <em>Psychological Medicine, 46<\/em>, 2749-2758. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291716001136<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Money, J. (1962)<em>. Cytogenic and psychosexual incongruities with a note on space-form blindness.<\/em> Paper presented at the 118th meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, Toronto, Canada.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Money, J. (1975). Ablatio penis: Normal male infant sex-reassigned as a girl. <em>Archives of Sexual behaviour, 4, <\/em>65\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF01541887<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Montag, C., Sindermann, C., Becker, B., &amp; Panksepp, J. (2020). An affective neuroscience framework for the molecular study of internet addiction. <em>Frontiers in Psychology, 10,<\/em> 2635. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01906<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Moriceau, S., &amp; Sullivan, R. M. (2006). Maternal presence serves as a switch between learning fear and attraction in infancy. <em>Nature Neuroscience, 9,<\/em> 1004\u20131006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nn1733<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Morris, T. (2020). Creativity through self-directed learning: Three distinct dimensions of teacher support. <em>International Journal of Lifelong Education, 39<\/em>, 168-178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02601370.2020.1727577<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Mosak, H. H., &amp; Maniacci, M. (2013). <em>Adlerian therapy: Theory and practice<\/em>. American Psychological Association.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Murray, C. L., Walsh, G., Gorber, S. (2014). Improved obesity prevalence estimates for Atlantic Canada. <em>Canadian Journal of Public Health, 105<\/em>, e154-e155.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Murray, H. A. (1938). <em>Explorations in Personality. <\/em>Oxford University Press.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Murray, H. A., Barrett, W. G., Homburger, E., Langer, W. C., Mekeel, H. S., Morgan, C. D., . . . Wolf, R. E. (1938). <em>Explorations in personality: A clinical and experimental study of fifty men of college age<\/em>. Oxford University Press.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Naegle, M., &amp; Fougere, M. (2017). Nursing Roles in the Care of Patients with Substance Use Disorders. <em>Journal of Addictions Nursing, 28<\/em>(3), 104-110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JAN.0000000000000183<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Nagata, J., Garber, A., Tabler, J. L., Murray, S., &amp; Bibbins-Domingo, K. (2018). Prevalence and correlates of disordered eating behaviours among young adults with overweight or obesity. <em>Journal of General Internal Medicine, 33,<\/em> 1337-1343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-018-4465-z<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Niemiec, C. P., &amp; Ryan, R. M. (2009). Autonomy, competence, and relatedness in the classroom: Applying self-determination theory to educational practice. <em>Theory and Research in Education, 7<\/em>(2), 133-144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1477878509104318<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Nisbett, R. E., Peng, K., Choi, I., &amp; Norenzayan, A. (2001). Culture and systems of thought: Holistic versus analytic cognition. <em>Psychological Review, 108<\/em>(2), 291\u2013310. https:\/\/doi.org\/record\/2001-17194-001<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Norman, M., &amp; Moola, F. (2019). The weight of (the) matter: A new material feminist account of thin and fat oppressions. <em>Health, 23, <\/em>497-515. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1363459317724856<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Novin, D., Robinson, K., Culbreth, L. A., &amp; Tordoff, M. G. (1985). Is there a role for the liver in the control of food intake?<em> The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 42,<\/em> 1050\u20131062. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/42.5.1050<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Nuttall, F. (2015). Body Mass Index Obesity, BMI, and Health A Critical Review. <em>Nutrition Today<\/em>, <em>50<\/em>, 117-128. https:\/\/doi.org\/:10.1097\/NT.0000000000000092<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Ombrato, M., &amp; Phillips, E. (2020). The mind of the hungry agent: Hunger, affect and appetite. <em>Topoi. <\/em>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11245-020-09733-y<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Osman, M., &amp; Farag, M. (2019). Relation between language development, cognitive skills and play skills. <em>The Medical Journal of Cairo University<\/em>. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/mjcu.2019.52835<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Pallanti, S., &amp; Salerno, L. (2020). Adult ADHD in feeding and eating disorders. In S. Pallanti &amp; L. Salerno (Eds.), <em>The burden of adult ADHD in comorbid psychiatric and neurological disorders<\/em> (pp. 217-234). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-39051-8_14<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Paramaguru, K. (2013, November). Boy, girl, or intersex? Germany adjusts to a third option at birth. <em>Time<\/em>. http:\/\/world.time.com\/2013\/11\/12\/boy-girl-or-intersex\/<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Patton, G. (1988). Mortality in eating disorders. <em>Psychological Medicine, 18<\/em>, 947-951. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291700009879<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Pearl, R. L., &amp; Puhl, R. M. (2018). Weight bias internalization and health: A systematic review. <em>Obesity Reviews, 19<\/em>(8), 1141-1163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/obr.12701<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Pedersen, E. R. (2016). Using the solid research base on pregaming to begin intervention development: An epilogue to the special issue on pregaming. <em>Substance Use &amp; Misuse, 51<\/em>(8), 1067\u20131073. https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/10826084.2016.1187533<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Pellegrini, A. D., Dupuis, D., &amp; Smith, P. K. (2007). Play in evolution and development. <em>Developmental Review, 27<\/em>(2), 261-276. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dr.2006.09.001<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Pessoa, L. (2010). Emotion and cognition and the amygdala: From \u201cwhat is it?\u201d to \u201cwhat\u2019s to be done?\u201d <em>Neuropsychologia, 48, <\/em>3416\u20133429. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2010.06.038<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Phelan, S. M., Burgess, D. J., Yeazel, M. W., Hellerstedt, W. L., Griffin, J. M., &amp; van Ryn, M. (2015). Impact of weight bias and stigma on quality of care and outcomes for patients with obesity. <em>Obesity Reviews, 16<\/em>(4), 319-326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/obr.12266<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Phillips, K. A. (2005). <em>The broken mirror: Understanding and treating body dysmorphic disorder.<\/em> Oxford University Press.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Pillard, R. C., &amp; Bailey, M. J. (1995). A biologic perspective on sexual orientation. <em>The Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 18<\/em>(1), 71\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0193-953X(18)30071-6<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Pillard, R. C., &amp; Bailey, M. J. (1998). Sexual orientation has a heritable component. <em>Human Biology, 70, <\/em>347\u2013365.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Pirc, M., \u010cad, E. M., Jager, G., &amp; Smeets, P. A. M. (2019). Grab to eat! Eating motivation dynamics measured by effort exertion depend on hunger state. <em>Food Quality and Preference. <\/em>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.FOODQUAL.2019.103741<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Poirier, P., Giles, T., Bray, G., Hong, Y., Stern, J., Pi\u2010Sunyer, F., &amp; Eckel, R. (2006). Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease: Pathophysiology, Evaluation, and Effect of Weight Loss. <em>Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 26, <\/em>968-976. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.ATV.0000216787.85457.f3<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Ponseti, J., Bosinski, H. A., Wolff, S., Peller, M., Jansen, O., Mehdorn, H.M., . . . Siebner, H. R. (2006). A functional endophenotype for sexual orientation in humans. <em>Neuroimage, 33<\/em>(3), 825\u2013833. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.08.002<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Prader-Willi Syndrome Association. (2012). <em>What is Prader-Willi Syndrome? <\/em>http:\/\/www.pwsausa.org\/syndrome\/index.htm<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Puhl, R. M., &amp; Heuer, C. A. (2009). The stigma of obesity: a review and update.<em> Obesity, 17<\/em>(5), 941-964. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/oby.2008.636<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Pyke, K. D. (2000). The Normal American Family as an interpretive structure of family life among grown children of Korean and Vietnamese immigrants.<em> Journal of Marriage and Family, 62<\/em>, 240-255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/J.1741-3737.2000.00240.X<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Qin, S., Young, C. B., Duan, X., Chen, T., Supekar, K., &amp; Menon, V. (2013). Amygdala subregional structure and intrinsic functional connectivity predicts individual differences in anxiety during early childhood. <em>Biological Psychiatry. <\/em>Advance online publication. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.10.006<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Rahman, Q., &amp; Wilson, G. D. (2003a). Large sexual-orientation-related differences in performance on mental rotation and judgment of line orientation tasks. <em>Neuropsychology, 17<\/em>, 25\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0894-4105.17.1.25<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Rahman, Q., &amp; Wilson, G. D. (2003b). Sexual orientation and the 2nd to 4th finger length ratio: Evidence for organising effects of sex hormones or developmental instability? <em>Psychoneuroendocrinology, 28, <\/em>288\u2013303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0306-4530(02)00022-7<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Raineki, C., Cort\u00e9s, M. R., Belnoue, L., &amp; Sullivan, R. M. (2012). Effects of early-life abuse differ across development: Infant social behaviour deficits are followed by adolescent depressive-like behaviours mediated by the amygdala. <em>The Journal of Neuroscience, 32<\/em>, 7758\u20137765. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5843-11.2012<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Ravilochan, T. (2021). <em>The Blackfoot Wisdom that Inspired Maslow\u2019s Hierarchy<\/em>. Resilienc. https:\/\/www.resilience.org\/stories\/2021-06-18\/the-blackfoot-wisdom-that-inspired-maslows-hierarchy\/<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Reichenberger, J., Richard, A., Smyth, J. M., Fischer, D., Pollatos, O., &amp; Blechert, J. (2018). It's craving time: Time of day effects on momentary hunger and food craving in daily life. <em>Nutrition<\/em>. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nut.2018.03.048<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Reid, W., &amp; Hoens, A. M. (2012). Clinicians' commentary on you et al.<em> Physiotherapy Canada. Physiotherapie Canada, 64<\/em>(2), 176-177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3138\/ptc.2011-01-cc<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Rodriguez-Larralde, A., &amp; Paradisi, I. (2009). Influence of genetic factors on human sexual orientation. <em>Investigacion Clinica, 50,<\/em> 377\u2013391.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Roever-Borges, L., &amp; Resende Es. (2015). Visceral Fat and Association with Metabolic Risk Factors. <em>Epidemiology,<\/em> 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4172\/2161-1165.1000E118<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Roseman, I. J., and Smith, C. A. (2001). Appraisal theory: Overview, assumptions, varieties, controversies. In K. R. Scherer, A. Schorr, &amp; T. Johnstone (Eds.), <em>Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research,<\/em> (pp. 3\u201319). Oxford University Press.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Ross, M. W., &amp; Arrindell, W. A. (1988). Perceived parental rearing patterns of homosexual and heterosexual men. <em>The Journal of Sex Research, 24<\/em>, 275\u2013281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00224498809551424<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Rubino, F., Batterham, R. L., Koch, M., Mingrone, G., le Roux, C. W., Farooqi, I. S., Farpour-Lambert, N., Gregg, E. W., &amp; Cummings, D. E. (2023). Lancet Diabetes &amp; Endocrinology Commission on the Definition and Diagnosis of Clinical Obesity. <em>The Lancet. Diabetes &amp; Endocrinology<\/em>, <em>11<\/em>, 226\u2013228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-8587(23)00058-X<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Ryan, R. M., &amp; Deci, E. L. (2020). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation from a self-determination theory perspective: Definitions, theory, practices, and future directions. C<em>ontemporary Educational Psychology, 61,<\/em> 101860. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cedpsych.2020.101860<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Safdar, M., Muzaffar, M., Khattak, A., &amp; Khan, A. (2003). Health Risks of Overweight and Obesity - An Over View. <em>Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 2, <\/em>350-360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3923\/PJN.2003.350.360<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Saguy, A., Gruys, K., &amp; Gong, S. (2010). Social problem construction and national context: news reporting on \"overweight\" and \"obesity\" in the United States and France.<em> Social Problems, 57<\/em>(4), 586-610. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1525\/SP.2010.57.4.586<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Sandberg, K. M., &amp; Erford, B. T. (2013). Choosing Assessment Instruments for Bulimia Practice and Outcome Research. <em>Journal of Counseling and Development, 91<\/em>, 367-379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/j.1556-6676.2013.00107.x<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Sawyer, S., Whitelaw, M., Le Grange, D., Yeo, M., &amp; Hughes, E. (2016). Physical and psychological morbidity in adolescents with atypical anorexia nervosa. <em>Pediatrics, 137<\/em>. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2015-4080<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Saxe, L., &amp; Ben-Shakhar, G. (1999). Admissibility of polygraph tests: The application of scientific standards post-Daubert. <em>Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 5, <\/em>203\u2013223. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1037\/1076-8971.5.1.203<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Schachter, S., &amp; Singer, J. E. (1962). Cognitive, social, and physiological determinants of emotional state. <em>Psychological Review, 69,<\/em> 379\u2013399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0046234<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Schultz, P. W. (2002). Inclusion with nature: The psychology of human-nature relations. In P. Schmuck &amp; W. P. Schultz (Eds.), <em>Psychology of sustainable development<\/em> (pp. 61-78). Kluwer Academic Publishers.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Schwartzman, L. (2015). Appetites, Disorder, and Desire.<em> IJFAB: International Journal of Feminist Approaches to Bioethics, 8<\/em>(2), 86-102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3138\/IJFAB.8.2.86<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Shallcross, A. J., Troy, A. S., Boland, M., &amp; Mauss, I. B. (2010). Let it be: Accepting negative emotional experiences predicts decreased negative affect and depressive symptoms. <em>Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48<\/em>, 921\u2013929. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/20566191<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Sherwin, B. B. (1988). A comparative analysis of the role of androgen in human male and female sexual behaviour: behavioural specificity, critical thresholds, and sensitivity. <em>Psychobiology, 16,<\/em> 416\u2013425. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BF03327339<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Sil\u00e9n, Y., &amp; Keski-Rahkonen, A. (2022). Worldwide prevalence of DSM-5 eating disorders among young people. <em>Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 35<\/em>, 362-371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000818<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Silton, N. R., Flannelly, K. J., Milstein, G., &amp; Vaaler, M. L. (2011). The impact of religion and spirituality on mental health. In A. Blume (Ed.), <em>Religion and spirituality in psychiatry<\/em> (pp. 85-96). Cambridge University Press.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Sirgy, M. J., &amp; Wu, J. (2009). The pleasant life, the engaged life, and the meaningful life: What about the balanced life?<em> Journal of Happiness Studies, 10<\/em>(2), 183-196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10902-007-9074-1<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Smink, F. R. E., van Hoeken, D., &amp; Hoek, H. W. (2012). Epidemiology of eating disorders: Incidence, prevalence, and mortality rates. <em>Current Psychiatry Reports, 14,<\/em> 406\u2013414. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11920-012-0282-y<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Soussignan, R. (2002). Duchenne smile, emotional experience, and autonomic reactivity: A test of the facial feedback hypothesis. <em>Emotion, 2<\/em>, 52\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/record\/2002-18343-004<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Speakman, J. R., Levitsky, D. A., Allison, D. B., Bray, M. S., de Castro, J. M., Clegg, D. J., Clapham, J. C., Dulloo, A. G., Gruer, L., Haw, S., Hebebrand, J., Hetherington, M. M., Higgs, S., Jebb, S. A., Loos, R. J. F., Luckman, S. M., Luke, A., Mohammed-Ali, V., O'Rahilly, S. P., Pereira, M. A., P\u00e9russe, L., Robinson, T. N., Rolls, B., Symonds, M. E., &amp; Westerterp-Plantenga, M. S. (2011). Set points, settling points and some alternative models: theoretical options to understand how genes and environments combine to regulate body adiposity. <em>Disease Models &amp; Mechanisms, 4(<\/em>6), 733-745. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/dmm.008698<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Statistics Canada. (2015). <em>Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS) <\/em>https:\/\/www23.statcan.gc.ca\/imdb\/p2SV.pl?Function=getSurvey&amp;SDDS=5071<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Steel, P. (2007). The nature of procrastination: A meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure. <em>Psychological Bulletin, 133<\/em>, 65-94. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.133.1.65<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Strack, F., Martin, L. &amp; Stepper, S. (1988). Inhibiting and facilitating conditions of the human smile: A nonobtrusive test of the facial feedback hypothesis.<em> Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54,<\/em> 768\u2013777. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.54.5.768<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Sutherland, M. (2013). Overweight and Obesity Among African American Women. <em>Journal of Black Studies, 44<\/em>, 846-869. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0021934713511639<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Swaab, D. F., &amp; Hofman, M. A. (1990). An enlarged suprachiasmatic nucleus in homosexual men. <em>Brain Research, 537<\/em>, 141\u2013148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0006-8993(90)90350-K<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Swenne, I. (2016). Influence of premorbid BMI on clinical characteristics at presentation of adolescent girls with eating disorders.<em> BMC Psychiatry, 16.<\/em> https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-016-0788-7<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Tamietto, M., Castelli, L., Vighetti, S., Perozzo, P., Geminiani, G., Weiskrantz, L., &amp; de Gelder, B. (2009). Unseen facial and bodily expressions trigger fast emotional reactions. <em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,USA, 106<\/em>, 17661\u201317666. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0908994106<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Tangmunkongvorakul, A., Banwell, C., Carmichael, G., Utomo, I. D., &amp; Sleigh, A. (2010). Sexual identities and lifestyles among non-heterosexual urban Chiang Mai youth: Implications for health. <em>Culture, Health, and Sexuality, 12, <\/em>827\u2013841. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13691058.2010.499150<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Tanofsky-Kraff, M., Yanovski, S., Wilfley, D., Marmarosh, C., Morgan, C., &amp; Yanovski, J. (2004). Eating-disordered behaviours, body fat, and psychopathology in overweight and normal-weight children. <em>Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72<\/em>(1), 53\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-006X.72.1.53<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Taormina, R. J., &amp; Gao, J. H. (2013). Maslow and the motivation hierarchy: Measuring satisfaction of the needs. <em>The American Journal of Psychology, 126<\/em>(2), 155-177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5406\/amerjpsyc.126.2.0155<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Thiels, C., &amp; Garthe, R. (2000). Prevalence of eating disorders among students. <em>Der Nervenarzt, 71<\/em> 7, 552-558. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s001150050625<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Tomiyama, A. J., Carr, D., Granberg, E. M., Major, B., Robinson, E., Sutin, A. R., &amp; Brewis, A. (2018). How and why weight stigma drives the obesity \u2018epidemic\u2019 and harms health. <em>BMC Medicine, 16(<\/em>1), 1-6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12916-018-1116-5<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Troy, A. S., Shallcross, A. J., &amp; Mauss, I. B. (2013). A person\u2013by\u2013situation approach to emotion regulation: Cognitive reappraisal can either hurt or help, depending on the context. <em>Psychological Science, 12<\/em>, 2505\u20132514. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/24145331<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Troy, A. S., Wilhelm, F. H., Shallcross, A. J., &amp; Mauss, I. B. (2010). Seeing the silver lining: Cognitive reappraisal ability moderates the relationship between stress and depression. <em>Emotion, 10<\/em>, 783\u2013795. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3278301\/<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Turgut, B. (2018). Ocular changes and disorders associated with Obesity.<em> International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology.<\/em> https:\/\/doi.org\/10.29328\/JOURNAL.IJCEO.1001015<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Twells, L. K., Gregory, D. M., Reddigan, J., &amp; Midodzi, W. K. (2014). Current and predicted prevalence of obesity in Canada: A trend analysis. <em>CMAJ Open, 2<\/em>(1), E18-E26. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9778\/cmajo.20130016<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Urek, R., Crn\u010devi\u0107-Urek, M., &amp; \u010cubrilo-Turek, M. (2007). Obesity--a global public health problem. <em>Acta Medica Croatica: Casopis Hravatske Akademije Medicinskih Znanosti, 61<\/em>(2), 161-164.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Vallerand, R. J., Pelletier, L. G., Blais, M. R., Bri\u00e8re, N. M., Sen\u00e9cal, C., &amp; Valli\u00e8res, \u00c9. F. (1995). The Academic Motivation Scale: A measure of intrinsic, extrinsic, and amotivation in education. <em>Educational and Psychological Measurement, 55<\/em>(4), 534-550.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Wang, Z., Neylan, T. C., Mueller, S. G., Lenoci, M., Truran, D., Marmar, C. R., . . . Schuff, N. (2010). Magnetic resonance imaging of hippocampal subfields in posttraumatic stress disorder. <em>Arch Gen Psychiatry, 67<\/em>(3), 296\u2013303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2009.205<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Wei, Z., &amp; Ma, Y. (2022). The Limitation and Optimization of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Theory in Enterprises\u2019 Application. <em>BCP Business &amp; Management<\/em>. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.54691\/bcpbm.v17i.388<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Weinsier, R. L., Nagy, T. R., Hunter, G. R., Darnell, B. E., Hensrud, D. D., &amp; Weiss, H. L. (2000). Do adaptive changes in metabolic rate favor weight regain in weight-reduced individuals? An examination of the set-point theory. <em>The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 72<\/em>, 1088\u20131094.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Whiting, J., &amp; Hannam, K. (2015). Creativity, self-expression and leisure. <em>Leisure Studies, 34<\/em>, 372-384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02614367.2014.923494<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Wierenga, C. E., Bischoff-Grethe, A., Melrose, A. J., Irvine, Z., Torres, L., Bailer, U. F., Simmons, A., Fudge, J. L., McClure, S. M., Ely, A., Kaye, W. H. (2015). Hunger does not motivate reward in women remitted from anorexia nervosa. <em>Biological Psychiatry.<\/em> https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2014.09.024<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Wilhelm, S., Phillips, K. A., &amp; Steketee, G. (2014).<em> Cognitive-behavioral therapy for body dysmorphic disorder: A treatment manual. <\/em>Guilford Press.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Willett, W. C., Manson, J. E., Stampfer, M. J., Colditz, G. A., Rosner, B., Speizer, F. E., &amp; Hennekens, C. H. (1995). Weight, weight change, and coronary heart disease in women. Risk within the 'normal' weight range.<em> JAMA, 273<\/em>(6), 461-465. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.1995.03520300035033<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Williamson, D. F. (1993). Descriptive epidemiology of body weight and weight change in U.S. adults. <em>Annals of Internal Medicine, 119<\/em>(7 Pt 2), 646-649. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/0003-4819-119-7_Part_2-199310011-00004<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Woods, S. C. (2004). Gastrointestinal satiety signals I. An overview of gastrointestinal signals that influence food intake. <em>American Journal of Physiology: Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology, 286<\/em>, G7\u2013G13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpgi.00448.2003<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Woods, S. C., &amp; D\u2019Alessio, D. A. (2008). Central control of body weight and appetite. <em>Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 93<\/em>, S37\u2013S50. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2008-1630<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Xu, A., Schwarz, N., &amp; Wyer, R. S. (2015). Hunger promotes acquisition of nonfood objects. <em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112<\/em>(10), 2688-2692. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1417712112<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Yerkes, R. M., &amp; Dodson, J. D. (1908). The relation of strength of stimulus to rapidity of habit-formation. <em>Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology, 18<\/em>, 459\u2013482. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cne.920180503<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Yi, S. W., Ohrr, H., Shin, S. A., &amp; Yi, J. J. (2015). Sex-age-specific association of body mass index with all-cause mortality among 12.8 million Korean adults: a prospective cohort study.<em> International Journal of Epidemiology, 44<\/em>(5), 1696\u20131705. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyv138<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Yogman, M., Garner, A., Hutchinson, J., Hirsh-Pasek, K., &amp; Golinkoff, R. (2018). The power of play: A pediatric role in enhancing development in young children. <em>Pediatrics, 142<\/em>. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2018-2058<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Yu, Y., Vasselli, J. R., Zhang, Y., Mechanick, J. I., Korner, J., &amp; Peterli, R. (2015). Metabolic vs. hedonic obesity: a conceptual distinction and its clinical implications. <em>Obesity Reviews, 16<\/em>(3), 234-247. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/obr.12246<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Zajonc, R. B. (1980). Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences. <em>American Psychologist, 35<\/em>(2), 151\u2013175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0003-066X.35.2.151<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Zajonc, R. B. (1998). Emotions. In D. T. Gilbert &amp; S. T. Fiske (Eds.), <em>Handbook of social psychology<\/em> (4th ed., Vol. 1, pp. 591\u2013632). McGraw-Hill.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Ziauddeen, H., Subramaniam, N., Gaillard, R., Burke, L., Farooqi, I. S., &amp; Fletcher, P. C. (2011). Food images engage subliminal motivation to seek food. <em>International Journal of Obesity, 2005.<\/em> https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ijo.2011.239<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h1>Chapter Attribution<\/h1>\r\n\"Motivation\" by Jessica Motherwell McFarlane is licensed under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 Licence<\/a>. It includes sections adapted from \"88. Motivation\" and \"89. Hunger and Eating\" in <em><a href=\"https:\/\/caul-cbua.pressbooks.pub\/intropsychneuro\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Introduction to Psychology &amp; Neuroscience<\/a> (2nd Edition)<\/em> open textbook edited by \u00a0Leanne Stevens, Jennifer Stamp, &amp; Kevin LeBlanc, which is licensed under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY 4.0 Licence<\/a>.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","rendered":"<h1>References<\/h1>\n<div class=\"pdf\">The reference list for this chapter has been excluded from this file to reduce page count. The full reference list can be viewed online at opentextbc.ca\/psychologymtdi\/chapter\/motivation-chapter-resources\/.<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"references\">\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Adelmann, P. K., &amp; Zajonc, R. B. (1989). Facial efference and the experience of emotion.<em> Annual Review of Psychology, 40,<\/em> 249\u2013280. https:\/\/www.annualreviews.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1146\/annurev.ps.40.020189.001341<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Adhikari, A. (2016). Anthropometric and Somatotype Characteristics of Emigrant Canadian Women Living in Canada. <em>American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 4<\/em>(1), 22. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11648\/J.AJSS.S.2016040101.14<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Ahima, R. S., &amp; Antwi, D. A. (2008). Brain regulation of appetite and satiety. <em>Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America, 37,<\/em> 811\u2013823. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecl.2008.08.005<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Ahmad, S., Ch., A. H., Batool, A., Sittar, K., &amp; Malik, M. (2016). Play and cognitive development: Formal operational perspective of Piaget\u2019s theory. <em>Journal of Education and Practice, 7<\/em>(72), 72-79. https:\/\/eric.ed.gov\/?id=EJ1118552<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Aldao, A., &amp; Dixon-Gordon, K. L. (2014). Broadening the scope of research on emotion regulation strategies and psychopathology. <em>Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 43<\/em>(1), 22\u201333. https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/16506073.2013.816769<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Schweizer, S. (2010). Emotion regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analysis. <em>Clinical Psychology Review, 30<\/em>, 217\u2013237. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/20015584<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Allen, L. S., &amp; Gorski, R. A. (1992). Sexual orientation and the size of the anterior commissure in the human brain. <em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 89,<\/em> 7199\u20137202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.89.15.7199<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Amabile, T. (1985). Motivation and creativity: Effects of motivational orientation on creative writers. <em>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48<\/em>(2), 393-399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.48.2.393<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">American Psychiatric Association. (2013).<em> Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders<\/em> (5th ed.). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">American Psychiatric Association. (2013). <em>Feeding and eating disorders. <\/em>http:\/\/www.dsm5.org\/documents\/eating%20disorders%20fact%20sheet.pdf<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Ansbacher, H. L. (1971). The concept of social interest.<em> Individual Psychology, 27<\/em>(2), 137-153.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Arnold, H. J. (1976). Effects of performance feedback and extrinsic reward upon high intrinsic motivation. <em>Organizational behaviour and Human Performance, 17<\/em>, 275-288. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0030-5073(76)90067-2<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Aston, M., Price, S., Kirk, S., &amp; Penney, T. (2012). More than meets the eye. Feminist poststructuralism as a lens towards understanding obesity. <em>Journal of Advanced Nursing, 68<\/em>(5), 1187-1194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2011.05866.x<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Babakr, Z. H., Mohamedamin, P., &amp; Kakamad, K. (2019). Piaget&#8217;s cognitive developmental theory: Critical review.<em> Education Quarterly Reviews, 2<\/em>(3), 517-524. https:\/\/eric.ed.gov\/?id=EJ1274368<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Bailey, M. J., &amp; Pillard, R. C. (1991). A genetic study of male sexual orientation. <em>Archives of General Psychiatry, 48<\/em>, 1089\u20131096. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archpsyc.1991.01810360053008<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Baldwin, J. D., &amp; Baldwin, J. I. (1989). The socialization of homosexuality and heterosexuality in a non-western society.<em> Archives of Sexual behaviour, 18,<\/em> 13\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF01579288<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Bancroft, J. (2004). Alfred C. Kinsey and the politics of sex research.<em> Annual Review of Sex Research, 15<\/em>, 1\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10532528.2004.10559818<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Bandura, A. (1994). Self-efficacy. In V. S. Ramachandran (Ed.), <em>Encyclopedia of human behaviour<\/em> (Vol. 4, pp. 71\u201381). Academic Press.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Barrett, L. F. (2017). The theory of constructed emotion: An active inference account of interoception and categorization. <em>Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 12<\/em>, 1\u201323. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5691871\/<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Baumeister, R. F., &amp; Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. <em>Psychological Bulletin, 117<\/em>(3), 497-529.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Bauminger, N. (2002). The facilitation of social-emotional understanding and social interaction in high-functioning children with autism: Intervention outcomes. <em>Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 32, <\/em>283\u2013298. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1016378718278<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Becker, D., Bouchard, C., Carleton, R., Dietz, W., Foreyt, J., Grundy, S., Kumanyika, S., Prewitt, E., Rocchini, A., Smith, P. L., Snetselaar, L., Sowers, J., Williamson, D., Donato, K., Horan, M., Hubbard, V., &amp; Brown, C. (1998). Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. <em>WMJ: official publication of the State Medical Society of Wisconsin, 97<\/em>(9), 20-1, 24-5, 27-37. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archinte.158.17.1855<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Becker, J. B., Rudick, C. N., &amp; Jenkins, W. J. (2001). The role of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens and striatum during sexual behaviour in the female rat. <em>Journal of Neuroscience, 21<\/em>, 3236\u20133241. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-09-03236.2001<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Becker, J. M. (2012, April 25). <em>Dr. Robert Spitzer apologizes to gay community for infamous \u201cex-gay\u201d study. <\/em>http:\/\/www.truthwinsout.org\/news\/2012\/04\/24542\/<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Beedie, C. J., Terry, P. C., Lane, A. M., &amp; Devonport, T. J. (2011). Differential assessment of emotions and moods: Development and validation of the emotion and mood components of anxiety questionnaire. <em>Personality and Individual Differences, 50,<\/em> 228\u2013233. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.paid.2010.09.034<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">B\u00e9langer-Ducharme, F., &amp; Tremblay, A. (2005). Prevalence of obesity in Canada. <em>Obesity Reviews, 6. <\/em>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2005.00179.x<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Bell, A. P., Weinberg, M. S., &amp; Hammersmith, S. K. (1981). <em>Sexual preferences: Its development in men and women<\/em>. Indiana University Press.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Berlyne, D. E. (1960). Toward a theory of exploratory behaviour: II. Arousal potential, perceptual curiosity, and learning. In (Series Ed.), <em>Conflict, arousal, and curiosity <\/em>(pp. 193\u2013227). McGraw-Hill Book Company.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Bhasin, S., Enzlin, P., Coviello, A., &amp; Basson, R. (2007). Sexual dysfunction in men and women with endocrine disorders. <em>The Lancet, 369,<\/em> 597\u2013611. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60280-3<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Bianchini, F., Kaaks, R., &amp; Vainio, H. (2002). Weight control and physical activity in cancer prevention. <em>Obesity Reviews, 3<\/em>, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1467-789X.2002.00046.x<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Birmingham, C. L., Su, J., Hlynsky, J. A., Goldner, E. M., &amp; Gao, M. (2005). The mortality rate from anorexia nervosa.<em> The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 38<\/em>(2), 143-146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/EAT.20164<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Blackford, J. U., &amp; Pine, D. S. (2012). Neural substrates of childhood anxiety disorders: A review of neuroimaging findings. <em>Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 21,<\/em> 501\u2013525. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chc.2012.05.002<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Blackstock, C. (2007). The Emergence of the Breath of Life Theory. <em>Journal of Social Work Values &amp; Ethics, 8<\/em>(1), 13\u201328.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Blackstock, C. (2011). Revisiting the Breath of Life Theory. <em>British Journal of Social Work, 49<\/em>(4), 854\u2013859. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bjsw\/bcz047<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Blackstock, C. (2019). Revisiting breath of life theory.\u00a0 <em>British Journal of Social Work, 49,<\/em> 854-859. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bjsw\/bcz047<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Blackstock, C. (2021). <em>Dr Cindy Blackstock on Breath of Life theory and Leadership<\/em> [Video]. YouTube. https:\/\/youtu.be\/SoNQqhTGQkw?feature=shared<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Blackstock, C. (2021). The breath of life theory: Indigenous child welfare in Canada. <em>Journal of Indigenous Social Development, 10<\/em>(1), 1-15.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Bl\u00fcher, M. (2013). Adipose tissue dysfunction contributes to obesity-related metabolic diseases. Best Practice &amp; Research. <em>Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism, 27<\/em>(2), 163-177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beem.2013.02.005<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Boiger, M., &amp; Mesquita, B. (2012). The construction of emotion in interactions, relationships, and cultures. <em>Emotion Review, 4<\/em>, 221\u2013229. https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1754073912439765<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Bonder, R., &amp; Mantler, T. (2015). The Efficacy of Motivational Interviewing and Adapted Motivational Interviewing as an Eating Disorder Intervention: A Scoping Review. Western Undergraduate Research <em>Journal: Health and Natural Sciences, 5<\/em>, 8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5206\/WURJHNS.2014-15.8<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Bremner, J. D., &amp; Vermetten, E. (2004). Neuroanatomical changes associated with pharmacotherapy in posttraumatic stress disorder. <em>Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1032, <\/em>154\u2013157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1196\/annals.1314.012<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Brencio, H. (2016). <em>Logotherapy and existential analysis: Proceedings of the Viktor Frankl Institute Vienna, Volume 1.<\/em> Springer.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Brenner, D. R., Poirier, A., Ruan, Y., Hebert, L. A., Grevers, X., Walter, S., Villeneuve, P. J., &amp; Friedenreich, C. M. (2019). Estimates of the current and future burden of cancer attributable to excess body weight and abdominal adiposity in Canada. <em>Preventive Medicine, 122<\/em>, 49-64. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.03.014<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Brooks, J. G., &amp; Goldstein, S. (2013). Mindset: The new psychology of success. <em>Journal of Applied School Psychology, 29<\/em>(4), 299-307.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Brown, S. A. S. (2014). <em>Native Self-Actualization: Transformation Beyond Greed.<\/em> (Self-Published).<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Buck, R. (1980). Nonverbal behaviour and the theory of emotion: The facial feedback hypothesis. <em>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38<\/em>, 811\u2013824. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.38.5.811<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Bullough, V. L. (1998). Alfred Kinsey and the Kinsey report: Historical overview and lasting contributions. <em>The Journal of Sex Research, 35<\/em>, 127\u2013131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00224499809551925<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Byne, W., Tobet, S., Mattiace, L. A., Lasco, M. S., Kemether, E., Edgar, M. A., . . . Jones, L. B. (2001). The interstitial nuclei of the human anterior hypothalamus: An investigation of variation with sex, sexual orientation, and HIV status. <em>Hormones and behaviour, 40<\/em>, 86\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/hbeh.2001.1680<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Cameron, J., &amp; Pierce, W. D. (1994). Reinforcement, reward, and intrinsic motivation: A meta-analysis. <em>Review of Educational Research, 64<\/em>(3), 363-423. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3102\/00346543064003363<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Capella, J. N. (1993). The facial feedback hypothesis in human interaction: Review and speculation. <em>Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 12<\/em>(12), 13\u201329. https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0261927X93121002<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Carducci, B. J. (2020). Maslow&#8217;s Hierarchy of Needs. In <em>The Wiley Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences<\/em>. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4135\/9781412964289.n627<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Carey, B. (2012, May 18). Psychiatry giant sorry for backing gay \u2018cure.\u2019 <em>The New York Times. <\/em>http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2012\/05\/19\/health\/dr-robert-l-spitzer-noted-psychiatrist-apologizes-for-study-on-gay-cure.html?_r=0<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Carpenito-Moyet, L. J. (2003). Maslow\u2019s Hierarchy of Needs&#8211;revisited. <em>Nursing forum. 38<\/em>(2), 3-4. doi:10.1111\/j.1744-6198.2003.tb01204.x<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Carter, C. S. (1992). Hormonal influences on human sexual behaviour. In J. B. Becker, S. M. Breedlove, &amp; D. Crews (Eds.), <em>Behavioural endocrinology<\/em> (pp.131\u2013142). MIT Press.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Cassidy, S. B., &amp; Driscoll, D. J. (2009). Prader-Willi syndrome. <em>European Journal of Human Genetics, 17<\/em>, 3\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ejhg.2008.165<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2012)<em>. Overweight and obesity. <\/em>http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/obesity\/index.html<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Chwalisz, K., Diener, E., &amp; Gallagher, D. (1988). Autonomic arousal feedback and emotional experience: Evidence from the spinal cord injured. <em>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54,<\/em> 820\u2013828. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.54.5.820<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Clayton, R. M., &amp; Ritter, B. A. (2023). <em>McClelland\u2019s theory of needs.<\/em> SAGE Publications. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4135\/9781071923719<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Col\u0103cel, O. (2016). Edibles and Other Offerings to Readers: The Politics of Gender and Food in Narrative Fiction.<em> Messages, Sages and Ages, 3, <\/em>70-74. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/msas-2016-0017<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Colapinto, J. (2000). <em>As nature made him: The boy who was raised as a girl. <\/em>Harper Collins.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Collier, D. A., &amp; Treasure, J. L. (2004). The aetiology of eating disorders. <em>The British Journal of Psychiatry, 185<\/em>, 363\u2013365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.185.5.363<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Conrad, P. (2005). The shifting engines of medicalization. <em>Journal of Health and Social behaviour, 46<\/em>, 3\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/002214650504600102<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Cornelius, R. R. (1991). Gregorio Mara\u00f1on\u2019s two-factor theory of emotion. Personality and Social <em>Psychology Bulletin, 17<\/em>(1), 65\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0146167291171010<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Creighton, S. (2001). Surgery for intersex. <em>Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 94<\/em>, 218\u2013220. https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/014107680109400505<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Cui, X. (2023). Unraveling University Students\u2019 Socio-Psychological Needs in Chinese Cultural Context: Grounded in Maslow\u2019s Hierarchy of Needs. <em>The Eastasouth Journal of Learning and Educations<\/em>. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.58812\/esle.v1i03.172<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Cunha, C., Monfils, M. H., &amp; LeDoux, J. E. (2010). GABA(C) receptors in the lateral amygdala: A possible novel target for the treatment of fear and anxiety disorders? <em>Frontiers in behavioural Neuroscience, 4,<\/em> 6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/neuro.08.006.2010<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Daly Wagner, M., &amp; French, R. (2010). Motivation, work satisfaction, and teacher change among early childhood teachers.<em> Journal of Educational Research, 103<\/em>(3), 191-208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02568541003635268<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Daniel, T. L., &amp; Esser, J. K. (1980). Intrinsic motivation as influenced by rewards, task interest, and task structure.<em> Journal of Applied Psychology, 65<\/em>, 566\u2013573. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0021-9010.65.5.566<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Darwin, C. (1872). <em>The expression of emotions in man and animals. <\/em>Appleton.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Davis, J. I., Senghas, A., &amp; Ochsner, K. N. (2009). How does facial feedback modulate emotional experience?<em> Journal of Research in Personality, 43,<\/em> 822\u2013829. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jrp.2009.06.005<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">de Gelder, B. (2006). Towards the neurobiology of emotional body language. <em>Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 7, <\/em>242\u2013249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrn1872<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">DeCarvalho, R. J. (1989). <em>The founders of humanistic psychology. Praeger Publishers\/Greenwood<\/em>. Publishing Group.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Deci, E. L. (1972). Intrinsic motivation, extrinsic reinforcement, and inequity. <em>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 22<\/em>, 113\u2013120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0032355<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Deci, E. L., Koestner, R., &amp; Ryan, R. M. (1999). A meta-analytic review of experiments examining the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation. <em>Psychological Bulletin, 125<\/em>(6), 627-668. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.125.6.627<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Deci, E. L., Vallerand, R. J., Pelletier, L. G., &amp; Ryan, R. M. (1994). Motivation and education: The self-determination perspective. <em>Educational Psychologist, 29<\/em>(3), 325-346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00461520.1991.9653137<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Donahoo, D. (2016). Playing games teaching human rights. <em>Ethos<\/em>, 24, 22. https:\/\/search.informit.org\/doi\/abs\/10.3316\/informit.201979852664485<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Drazen, D. L., &amp; Woods, S. C. (2003). Peripheral signals in the control of satiety and hunger. <em>Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care, 5<\/em>, 621\u2013629.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Druce, M.R., Small, C.J., &amp; Bloom, S.R. (2004). Minireview: Gut peptides regulating satiety.<em> Endocrinology, 145,<\/em> 2660\u20132665. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/en.2004-0089<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Durso, L. E., &amp; Latner, J. D. (2008). Understanding self-directed stigma: Development of the weight bias internalization scale. <em>Obesity, 16<\/em>(S2), S80-S86. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/oby.2008.448<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Dweck, C. S. (2021). <em>Mindset: The new psychology of success. <\/em>Random House.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Easterbrook, M. J., Wright, M., Dittmar, H., &amp; Banerjee, R. (2014). Consumer culture ideals, extrinsic motivations, and well-being in children. <em>European Journal of Social Psychology, 44<\/em>(4), 349-359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejsp.2020<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Ekman, P. (1972). Universals and cultural differences in facial expressions of emotions. In J. Cole (Ed.), <em>Nebraska Symposium on Motivation<\/em> (pp. 207\u2013282). University of Nebraska Press. https:\/\/1ammce38pkj41n8xkp1iocwe-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/Universals-And-Cultural-Differences-In-Facial-Expressions-Of.pdf<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Ekman, P., &amp; Keltner, D. (1997). Universal facial expressions of emotion: An old controversy and new findings. In U. Segerstr\u00e5le &amp; P. Moln\u00e1r (Eds.), <em>Nonverbal communication: Where nature meets culture <\/em>(pp. 27\u201346). Lawrence Erlbaum.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Elgin, J., &amp; Pritchard, M. (2006). Age Differences in Eating Disordered behaviour and Its Correlates. <em>Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research, 11<\/em>, 63-70.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Emborg, C. (1999). Mortality and causes of death in eating disorders in Denmark 1970-1993: a case register study. <em>The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 25<\/em>(3), 243-251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/(SICI)1098-108X(199904)25:3&lt;243::AID-EAT1&gt;3.0.CO;2-2<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Erikson, E. H. (1963). <em>Childhood and society<\/em> (2nd ed.). W. W. Norton &amp; Company.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Everett, B. J. (1990). Sexual motivation: A neural and behavioural analysis of the mechanisms underlying appetitive and copulatory responses of male rats. <em>Neuroscience and Biobehavioural Reviews, 14,<\/em> 217\u2013232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0149-7634(05)80222-2<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Eyal, N. (2019). <em>Indistractable: How to Control Your Attention and Choose Your Life<\/em>. BenBella Books.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Faris, E. (1921). Are instincts data or hypotheses? <em>American Journal of Sociology, 27, <\/em>184\u2013196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/213303<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Femen\u00eda, T., G\u00f3mez-Gal\u00e1n, M., Lindskog, M., &amp; Magara, S. (2012). Dysfunctional hippocampal activity affects emotion and cognition in mood disorders. <em>Brain Research, 1476, <\/em>58\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brainres.2012.03.053<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Fock, K., &amp; Khoo, J. (2013). Diet and exercise in management of obesity and overweight.<em> Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. <\/em>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jgh.12407<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Fossati, P. (2012). Neural correlates of emotion processing: From emotional to social brain. <em>European Neuropsychopharmacology, 22,<\/em> S487\u2013S491. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2012.07.008<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Fournier, J. C., Keener, M. T., Almeida, J., Kronhaus, D. M., &amp; Phillips, M. L. (2013). Amygdala and whole-brain activity to emotional faces distinguishes major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder. <em>Bipolar Disorders. Advance online publication. <\/em>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bdi.12106<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Francis, N. H., &amp; Kritsonis, W. A. (2006). A brief analysis of Abraham Maslow\u2019s original writing of Self-Actualizing People: A Study of Psychological Health. <em>Doctoral Forum National Journal of Publishing and Mentoring Doctoral Student Research, 3<\/em>, 1\u20137. https:\/\/eric.ed.gov\/?id=ED501708<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Frijda, N. H. (1988). The laws of emotion. <em>American Psychologist, 43<\/em>, 349\u2013358. https:\/\/doi.org\/record\/1988-28577-001<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Gloy, V. L., Briel, M., Bhatt, D. L., Kashyap, S. R., Schauer, P. R., Mingrone, G., . . . Nordmann, A. J. (2013, October 22). Bariatric surgery versus non-surgical treatment for obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. <em>BMJ, 347<\/em>. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.f5934<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Golan, O., &amp; Baron-Cohen, S. (2006). Systemizing empathy: Teaching adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism to recognize complex emotions using interactive multimedia. <em>Development and Psychopathology, 18<\/em>, 591\u2013617. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0954579406060305<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Goldstein, K. (1939). <em>The organism.<\/em> American Book Co.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Goosens, K. A., &amp; Maren, S. (2002). Long-term potentiation as a substrate for memory: Evidence from studies of amygdaloid plasticity and Pavlovian fear conditioning.<em> Hippocampus, 12,<\/em> 592\u2013599. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hipo.10099<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Gore, S. V. (1999). African-American women&#8217;s perceptions of weight: paradigm shift for advanced practice. <em>Holistic Nursing Practice, 13<\/em>(4), 71-79. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00004650-199907000-00011<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Gottfried, A. E., Fleming, J. S., &amp; Gottfried, A. W. (2009). Continuity of academic intrinsic motivation from childhood through late adolescence: A longitudinal study.<em> Journal of Educational Psychology, 101<\/em>(1), 158-175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-0663.93.1.3<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Graham, S., &amp; Weiner, B. (1996). Theories and principles of motivation. In D. C. Berliner &amp; R. C. Calfee (Eds.), <em>Handbook of educational psychology<\/em> (pp. 63\u201384). Routledge.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Greary, N. (1990). Pancreatic glucagon signals postprandial satiety. <em>Neuroscience and Biobehavioural Reviews, 14<\/em>, 323\u2013328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0149-7634(05)80042-9<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Gross, J. J. (1999). Emotion regulation: Past, present, and future. <em>Cognition &amp; Emotion, 13,<\/em> 551\u2013573. https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/026999399379186<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Guastella, A. J., Einfeld, S. L., Gray, K. M., Rinehart, N. J., Tonge, B. J., Lambert, T. J., &amp; Hickie, I. B. (2010). Intranasal oxytocin improves emotion recognition for youth with autism spectrum disorders.<em> Biological Psychiatry, 67,<\/em> 692\u2013694. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.020<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Gucciardi, E., Celasun, N., Ahmad, F., &amp; Stewart, D. E. (2004). Eating Disorders.<em> BMC Women&#8217;s Health, 4(Suppl 1),<\/em> S21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1472-6874-4-S1-S21<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Hall, J. A., &amp; Kimura, D. (1994). Dermatoglyphic asymmetry and sexual orientation in men. <em>Behavioural Neuroscience, 108<\/em>(6), 1203\u20131206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0735-7044.108.6.1203<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Hamer, D. H., Hu. S., Magnuson, V. L., Hu, N., &amp; Pattatucci, A. M. (1993). A linkage between DNA markers on the X chromosome and male sexual orientation. <em>Science, 261<\/em>, 321-327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.8332896<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Hanssen, R., Kretschmer, A., Rigoux, L., Albus, K., Edwin Thanarajah, S., Sitnikow, T., Melzer, C., Cornely, O. A., Br\u00fcning, J. C., &amp; Tittgemeyer, M. (2021). GLP-1 and hunger modulate incentive motivation depending on insulin sensitivity in humans. <em>Molecular Metabolism. <\/em>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101163<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Havas, D. A., Glenberg, A. M., Gutowski, K. A., Lucarelli, M. J., &amp; Davidson, R. J. (2010). Cosmetic use of botulinum toxin-A affects processing of emotional language. <em>Psychological Science, 21, <\/em>895\u2013900. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0956797610374742<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Hepach, R., Vaish, A., &amp; Tomasello, M. (2013). Young children are intrinsically motivated to see others helped. <em>Psychological Science, 24<\/em>(9), 1833-1840. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0956797612440571<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Hobson, R. P. (1986). The autistic child\u2019s appraisal of expressions of emotion. <em>The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 27,<\/em> 321\u2013342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1986.tb01836.x<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Hock, R. R. (2008). <em>Forty studies that changed psychology: Explorations into the history of psychological research<\/em> (6th ed.). Pearson.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Hopp, H., Troy, A. S., &amp; Mauss, I. B. (2011). The unconscious pursuit of emotion regulation: Implications for psychological health. <em>Cognition and Emotion, 25,<\/em> 532\u2013545. https:\/\/www.ocf.berkeley.edu\/~eerlab\/pdf\/papers\/2011_Hopp_unconscious_pursuit_of_emotion_regulation.pdf<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Hu, S. H., Wei, N., Wang, Q. D., Yan, L. Q., Wei, E.Q., Zhang, M. M., . . . Xu, Y. (2008). Patterns of brain activation during visually evoked sexual arousal differ between homosexual and heterosexual men. <em>American Journal of Neuroradiology, 29<\/em>, 1890\u20131896. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3174\/ajnr.A1260<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Hudson, J., Hiripi, \u00c8., Pope, H., &amp; Kessler, R. (2007). The Prevalence and Correlates of Eating Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. <em>Biological Psychiatry, 61<\/em>, 348-358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.03.040<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Hughes, I. A., Houk, C., Ahmed, S. F., Lee, P. A., LWPES Consensus Group, &amp; ESPE Consensus Group. (2006). Consensus statement on management of intersex disorders. <em>Archives of Disease in Childhood, 91,<\/em> 554\u2013563. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2082839\/<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Hull, C. L. (1943).<em> Principles of behaviour: An Introduction to behaviour Theory.<\/em> Appleton-Century-Crofts.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Human Rights Campaign. (n.d.).<em> The lies and dangers of efforts to change sexual orientation or gender identity.<\/em> http:\/\/www.hrc.org\/resources\/entry\/the-lies-and-dangers-of-reparative-therapy<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Hunger, J. M., Major, B., Blodorn, A., &amp; Miller, C. T. (2015). Weighed down by stigma: How weight-based social identity threat contributes to weight gain and poor health.<em> Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 9<\/em>(6), 255-268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/spc3.12172<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Jackson, S. E., Beeken, R. J., &amp; Wardle, J. (2015). Perceived weight discrimination and changes in weight, waist circumference, and weight status.<em> Obesity, 23<\/em>(12), 2485-2488. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/oby.20891<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Jenkins, W. J. (2010). Can anyone tell me why I\u2019m gay? What research suggests regarding the origins of sexual orientation. <em>North American Journal of Psychology, 12,<\/em> 279\u2013296.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Jenkins, W. J., &amp; Becker, J. B. (2001). Role of the striatum and nucleus accumbens in paced copulatory behaviour in the female rat. <em>Behavioural Brain Research, 121,<\/em> 19\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0166-4328(00)00394-6<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Joyner, M. A., Kim, S., &amp; Gearhardt, A. N. (2017). Investigating an incentive-sensitization model of eating behaviour: Impact of a simulated fast-food laboratory. <em>Clinical Psychological Science. <\/em>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2167702617718828<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Karwowski, M. (2016). The dynamics of creative self-concept: Changes and reciprocal relations between creative self-efficacy and creative personal identity. <em>Creativity Research Journal, 28<\/em>, 99-104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10400419.2016.1125254<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Kaufman, S. B. (2021).<em> Transcend: The New Science of Self-Actualization<\/em>. TarcherPerigee.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Keijer, J., Hoevenaars, F., Nieuwenhuizen, A., &amp; van Schothorst, E. V. (2014). Nutrigenomics of Body Weight Regulation: A Rationale for Careful Dissection of Individual Contributors.<em> Nutrients, 6<\/em>(10), 4531-4551. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu6104531<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Kennedy, K. (2017). Coverage in transition: Considerations when expanding employer-provided health coverage to LGBTI employees and beneficiaries. <em>The John Marhsall Institutional Repository, 24<\/em>(1). https:\/\/repository.jmls.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1691&amp;context=facpubs<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Keski-Rahkonen, A., Raevuori, A., &amp; Hoek, H. (2008). Epidemiology of eating disorders: an update. In S.A. Wonderlich, J.E. Mitchell &amp; M. de Zwaan (Eds.), <em>Annual review of eating disorders<\/em>. CRC Press.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Kimble, M. A. (2014). <em>Viktor Frankl&#8217;s logotherapy: Method of choice in ecumenical pastoral psychology. <\/em>Pickwick Publications.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Kinsey, A. C., Pomeroy, W. B., &amp; Martin, C. E. (1948). <em>Sexual behaviour in the human male. <\/em>W.B. Saunders Company.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Kolahdooz, F., Sadeghirad, B., Corriveau, A., &amp; Sharma, S. (2017). Prevalence of overweight and obesity among indigenous populations in Canada: A systematic review and meta-analysis. <em>Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 57<\/em>(8), 1316-1327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10408398.2014.913003<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Koltko-Rivera, M. E. (2006). Rediscovering the later version of Maslow\u2019s hierarchy of needs: Self-transcendence and opportunities for theory, research, and unification. <em>Review of General Psychology, 10,<\/em> 302\u2013317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1089-2680.10.4.302<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Konturek, S. J., Pepera, J., Zabielski, K., Konturek, P. C., Pawlick, T., Szlachcic, A., &amp; Hahn. (2003). Brain-gut axis in pancreatic secretion and appetite control. <em>Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 54<\/em>, 293\u2013317.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Kramer, P. D. (1995). Listening to Prozac. Penguin Books.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Kumanyika, S. (1995). Cultural factors in desirable body shapes and their impact on weight loss and maintenance. In D.B. Allison &amp; F.X. Pi-Sunyer, <em>Obesity treatment <\/em>(pp. 79-82). Springer. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4615-1901-0_10<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Lang, P. J. (1994). The varieties of emotional experience: A meditation on James-Lange theory. <em>Psychological Review, 101<\/em>, 211\u2013221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-295X.101.2.211<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Lavie, C., Milani, R., &amp; Ventura, H. (2009). Obesity and cardiovascular disease: risk factor, paradox, and impact of weight loss. <em>Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 53<\/em>(21), 1925-1932. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.12.068<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Cognition and motivation in emotion. <em>American Psychologist, 46,<\/em> 352\u2013367. https:\/\/doi.org\/record\/1991-23402-001<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Lazarus, R. S. (1991). <em>Emotion and adaptation. <\/em>Oxford University Press.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">LeDoux, J. E. (1996). <em>The emotional brain: The mysterious underpinnings of emotional life.<\/em> Simon &amp; Schuster.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">LeDoux, J. E. (2002). <em>The synaptic self.<\/em> Macmillan.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Leonard, G. (1982). The failure of self-actualization theory: A critique of Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow. <em>Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 22,<\/em> 56\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022167882222004<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">LeVay, S. (1991). A difference in the hypothalamic structure between heterosexual and homosexual men. <em>Science, 253,<\/em> 1034\u20131037. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1887219<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">LeVay, S. (1996). <em>Queer science: The use and abuse of research into homosexuality. <\/em>The MIT Press.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Levenson, R. W., Carstensen, L. L., Friesen, W. V., &amp; Ekman, P. (1991). Emotion, physiology, and expression in old age. <em>Psychology and Aging, 6,<\/em> 28\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/record\/1991-18170-001<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Levy-Gigi, E., Szab\u00f3, C., Kelemen, O., &amp; K\u00e9ri, S. (2013). Association among clinical response, hippocampal volume, and FKBP5 gene expression in individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder receiving cognitive behavioural therapy.<em> Biological Psychiatry, 74<\/em>, 793\u2013800. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.05.017<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Lippa, R. A. (2003). Handedness, sexual orientation, and gender-related personality traits in men and women.<em> Archives of Sexual behaviour, 32<\/em>, 103\u2013114.<br \/>\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1022444223812<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Loehlin, J. C., &amp; McFadden, D. (2003). Otoacoustic emissions, auditory evoked potentials, and traits related to sex and sexual orientation. <em>Archives of Sexual behaviour, 32<\/em>, 115\u2013127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1022496207882<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Lunger, F., Aeschbacher, P., Nett, P., &amp; Peros, G. (2022). The impact of bariatric and metabolic surgery on cancer development. <em>Frontiers in Surgery, 9<\/em>. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fsurg.2022.918272<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Macdonald, H., Rutter, M., Howlin, P., Rios, P., Conteur, A. L., Evered, C., &amp; Folstein, S. (1989). Recognition and expression of emotional cues by autistic and normal adults. <em>Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 30<\/em>, 865\u2013877. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1989.tb00288.x<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Malatesta, C. Z., &amp; Haviland, J. M. (1982). Learning display rules: The socialization of emotion expression in infancy. <em>Child Development, 53<\/em>, 991\u20131003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/1129139<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Malson, H., &amp; Burns, M. (2009). <em>Critical Feminist Approaches to Eating Dis\/orders<\/em>. Routledge. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9780203876442<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Maren, S., Phan, K. L., &amp; Liberzon, I. (2013). The contextual brain: Implications for fear conditioning, extinction and psychopathology. <em>Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 14<\/em>, 417\u2013428. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrn3492<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Martin-Gronert, M. S., &amp; Ozanne, S. E. (2013). Early life programming of obesity. <em>Developmental Period Medicine, 17<\/em>, 7\u201312.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. <em>Psychological Review, 50<\/em>(4), 370-396.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Matsumoto, D. (1990). Cultural similarities and differences in display rules. <em>Motivation and Emotion, 14, <\/em>195\u2013214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00995569<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Matsumoto, D., Yoo, S. H., &amp; Nakagawa, S. (2008). Culture, emotion regulation, and adjustment.<em> Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94<\/em>, 925\u2013937. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.94.6.925<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Mauss, I. B., &amp; Robinson, M. D. (2009). Measures of emotion: A review. <em>Cognition and Emotion, 23, 209\u2013237<\/em>. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2756702\/<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Mauss, I. B., Bunge, S. A., &amp; Gross, J. J. (2007). Automatic emotion regulation. Social and Personality <em>Psychology Compass, 1,<\/em> 146\u2013167. https:\/\/www.ocf.berkeley.edu\/~eerlab\/pdf\/papers\/2007_Mauss_Automatic%20Emotion%20Regulation.pdf<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Mauss, I. B., Cook, C. L., &amp; Gross, J. J. (2007). Automatic emotion regulation during anger provocation. <em>Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43<\/em>, 698\u2013711. https:\/\/doi.org\/record\/2007-12302-004<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Mauss, I. B., Cook, C. L., Cheng, J. Y. J., &amp; Gross, J. J. (2007). Individual differences in cognitive reappraisal: Experiential and physiological responses to an anger provocation.<em> International Journal of Psychophysiology, 66<\/em>, 116\u2013124. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/17543404<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Mauss, I. B., Levenson, R. W., McCarter, L., Wilhelm, F. H., &amp; Gross, J. J. (2005). The tie that binds? Coherence among emotion experience, behaviour, and physiology.<em> Emotion, 5<\/em>, 175\u2013190. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/15982083<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Mayo Clinic. (2012a). <em>Anorexia nervosa.<\/em> http:\/\/www.mayoclinic.com\/health\/anorexia\/DS00606<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Mayo Clinic. (2012b). <em>Bulimia nervosa. <\/em>http:\/\/www.mayoclinic.com\/health\/bulimia\/DS00607<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Mayo Clinic. (2013). <em>Gastric bypass surgery.<\/em> http:\/\/www.mayoclinic.com\/health\/gastric-bypass\/MY00825<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">McAdams, D. P. (1980). A thematic coding system for the intimacy motive.<em> Journal of Research in Personality, 14<\/em>(4), 413-432. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0092-6566(80)90001-X<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">McAdams, D. P., &amp; Constantian, C. A. (1983). Intimacy and affiliation motives in daily living: An experience sampling analysis.<em> Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45<\/em>(4), 851-861. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.45.4.851<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">McCall, B. (2024). Is Body Fat a Better Measure of Obesity in Midlife Than BMI? <em>Medscape<\/em>, May 16. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.medscape.com\/viewarticle\/body-fat-better-measure-obesity-midlife-than-bmi-2024a10009d8?ecd=wnl_tp10_daily_240518_MSCPEDIT_etid6525327&amp;uac=397526MR&amp;impID=6525327<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">McClelland, D. C., &amp; Liberman, A. M. (1949). The effect of need for achievement on recognition of need-related words. <em>Journal of Personality, 18<\/em>(2), 236-251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-6494.1949.tb01243.x<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">McCuen\u2010Wurst, C., Ruggieri, M., &amp; Allison, K. (2018). Disordered eating and obesity: associations between binge\u2010eating disorder, night\u2010eating syndrome, and weight\u2010related comorbidities.<em> Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1411<\/em>. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nyas.13467<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">McFadden, D., &amp; Champlin, C. A. (2000). Comparisons of auditory evoked potentials in heterosexual, homosexual, and bisexual males and females. <em>Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology, 1,<\/em> 89\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s101620010008<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">McFadden, D., &amp; Pasanen, E. G. (1998). Comparisons of the auditory systems of heterosexuals and homosexuals: Clicked-evoked otoacoustic emissions. <em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 95<\/em>, 2709\u20132713. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.95.5.2709<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">McRae, K., Ochsner, K. N., Mauss, I. B., Gabrieli, J. J. D., &amp; Gross, J. J. (2008). Gender differences in emotion regulation: An fMRI study of cognitive reappraisal. <em>Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 11,<\/em> 143\u2013162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1368430207088035<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Miguel-Hidalgo, J. J. (2013). Brain structural and functional changes in adolescents with psychiatric disorders.<em> International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, 25, <\/em>245\u2013256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/ijamh-2013-0058<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Miller, P. H. (2010). T<em>heories of developmental psychology <\/em>(5th ed.). Worth Publishers.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Mirkarimi, K., Charkazi, A., Honarvar, M., Kabir, M., Berdi Ozouni- Davaji, R., Aryaie, M., &amp; Eri, M. (2016). Effect of motivational interviewing on physical activity intention among obese and overweight women using protection motivation theory: <em>A randomized clinical trial. Journal of Research in Health Sciences, 16<\/em>(3), 116-121.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Mohler-Kuo, M., Schnyder, U., Dermota, P., Wei, W., &amp; Milos, G. (2016). The prevalence, correlates, and help-seeking of eating disorders in Switzerland. <em>Psychological Medicine, 46<\/em>, 2749-2758. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291716001136<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Money, J. (1962)<em>. Cytogenic and psychosexual incongruities with a note on space-form blindness.<\/em> Paper presented at the 118th meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, Toronto, Canada.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Money, J. (1975). Ablatio penis: Normal male infant sex-reassigned as a girl. <em>Archives of Sexual behaviour, 4, <\/em>65\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF01541887<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Montag, C., Sindermann, C., Becker, B., &amp; Panksepp, J. (2020). An affective neuroscience framework for the molecular study of internet addiction. <em>Frontiers in Psychology, 10,<\/em> 2635. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01906<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Moriceau, S., &amp; Sullivan, R. M. (2006). Maternal presence serves as a switch between learning fear and attraction in infancy. <em>Nature Neuroscience, 9,<\/em> 1004\u20131006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nn1733<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Morris, T. (2020). Creativity through self-directed learning: Three distinct dimensions of teacher support. <em>International Journal of Lifelong Education, 39<\/em>, 168-178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02601370.2020.1727577<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Mosak, H. H., &amp; Maniacci, M. (2013). <em>Adlerian therapy: Theory and practice<\/em>. American Psychological Association.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Murray, C. L., Walsh, G., Gorber, S. (2014). Improved obesity prevalence estimates for Atlantic Canada. <em>Canadian Journal of Public Health, 105<\/em>, e154-e155.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Murray, H. A. (1938). <em>Explorations in Personality. <\/em>Oxford University Press.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Murray, H. A., Barrett, W. G., Homburger, E., Langer, W. C., Mekeel, H. S., Morgan, C. D., . . . Wolf, R. E. (1938). <em>Explorations in personality: A clinical and experimental study of fifty men of college age<\/em>. Oxford University Press.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Naegle, M., &amp; Fougere, M. (2017). Nursing Roles in the Care of Patients with Substance Use Disorders. <em>Journal of Addictions Nursing, 28<\/em>(3), 104-110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JAN.0000000000000183<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Nagata, J., Garber, A., Tabler, J. L., Murray, S., &amp; Bibbins-Domingo, K. (2018). Prevalence and correlates of disordered eating behaviours among young adults with overweight or obesity. <em>Journal of General Internal Medicine, 33,<\/em> 1337-1343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-018-4465-z<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Niemiec, C. P., &amp; Ryan, R. M. (2009). Autonomy, competence, and relatedness in the classroom: Applying self-determination theory to educational practice. <em>Theory and Research in Education, 7<\/em>(2), 133-144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1477878509104318<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Nisbett, R. E., Peng, K., Choi, I., &amp; Norenzayan, A. (2001). Culture and systems of thought: Holistic versus analytic cognition. <em>Psychological Review, 108<\/em>(2), 291\u2013310. https:\/\/doi.org\/record\/2001-17194-001<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Norman, M., &amp; Moola, F. (2019). The weight of (the) matter: A new material feminist account of thin and fat oppressions. <em>Health, 23, <\/em>497-515. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1363459317724856<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Novin, D., Robinson, K., Culbreth, L. A., &amp; Tordoff, M. G. (1985). Is there a role for the liver in the control of food intake?<em> The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 42,<\/em> 1050\u20131062. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/42.5.1050<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Nuttall, F. (2015). Body Mass Index Obesity, BMI, and Health A Critical Review. <em>Nutrition Today<\/em>, <em>50<\/em>, 117-128. https:\/\/doi.org\/:10.1097\/NT.0000000000000092<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Ombrato, M., &amp; Phillips, E. (2020). The mind of the hungry agent: Hunger, affect and appetite. <em>Topoi. <\/em>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11245-020-09733-y<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Osman, M., &amp; Farag, M. (2019). Relation between language development, cognitive skills and play skills. <em>The Medical Journal of Cairo University<\/em>. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/mjcu.2019.52835<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Pallanti, S., &amp; Salerno, L. (2020). Adult ADHD in feeding and eating disorders. In S. Pallanti &amp; L. Salerno (Eds.), <em>The burden of adult ADHD in comorbid psychiatric and neurological disorders<\/em> (pp. 217-234). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-39051-8_14<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Paramaguru, K. (2013, November). Boy, girl, or intersex? Germany adjusts to a third option at birth. <em>Time<\/em>. http:\/\/world.time.com\/2013\/11\/12\/boy-girl-or-intersex\/<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Patton, G. (1988). Mortality in eating disorders. <em>Psychological Medicine, 18<\/em>, 947-951. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291700009879<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Pearl, R. L., &amp; Puhl, R. M. (2018). Weight bias internalization and health: A systematic review. <em>Obesity Reviews, 19<\/em>(8), 1141-1163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/obr.12701<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Pedersen, E. R. (2016). Using the solid research base on pregaming to begin intervention development: An epilogue to the special issue on pregaming. <em>Substance Use &amp; Misuse, 51<\/em>(8), 1067\u20131073. https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/10826084.2016.1187533<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Pellegrini, A. D., Dupuis, D., &amp; Smith, P. K. (2007). Play in evolution and development. <em>Developmental Review, 27<\/em>(2), 261-276. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dr.2006.09.001<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Pessoa, L. (2010). Emotion and cognition and the amygdala: From \u201cwhat is it?\u201d to \u201cwhat\u2019s to be done?\u201d <em>Neuropsychologia, 48, <\/em>3416\u20133429. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2010.06.038<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Phelan, S. M., Burgess, D. J., Yeazel, M. W., Hellerstedt, W. L., Griffin, J. M., &amp; van Ryn, M. (2015). Impact of weight bias and stigma on quality of care and outcomes for patients with obesity. <em>Obesity Reviews, 16<\/em>(4), 319-326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/obr.12266<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Phillips, K. A. (2005). <em>The broken mirror: Understanding and treating body dysmorphic disorder.<\/em> Oxford University Press.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Pillard, R. C., &amp; Bailey, M. J. (1995). A biologic perspective on sexual orientation. <em>The Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 18<\/em>(1), 71\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0193-953X(18)30071-6<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Pillard, R. C., &amp; Bailey, M. J. (1998). Sexual orientation has a heritable component. <em>Human Biology, 70, <\/em>347\u2013365.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Pirc, M., \u010cad, E. M., Jager, G., &amp; Smeets, P. A. M. (2019). Grab to eat! Eating motivation dynamics measured by effort exertion depend on hunger state. <em>Food Quality and Preference. <\/em>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.FOODQUAL.2019.103741<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Poirier, P., Giles, T., Bray, G., Hong, Y., Stern, J., Pi\u2010Sunyer, F., &amp; Eckel, R. (2006). Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease: Pathophysiology, Evaluation, and Effect of Weight Loss. <em>Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 26, <\/em>968-976. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.ATV.0000216787.85457.f3<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Ponseti, J., Bosinski, H. A., Wolff, S., Peller, M., Jansen, O., Mehdorn, H.M., . . . Siebner, H. R. (2006). A functional endophenotype for sexual orientation in humans. <em>Neuroimage, 33<\/em>(3), 825\u2013833. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.08.002<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Prader-Willi Syndrome Association. (2012). <em>What is Prader-Willi Syndrome? <\/em>http:\/\/www.pwsausa.org\/syndrome\/index.htm<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Puhl, R. M., &amp; Heuer, C. A. (2009). The stigma of obesity: a review and update.<em> Obesity, 17<\/em>(5), 941-964. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/oby.2008.636<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Pyke, K. D. (2000). The Normal American Family as an interpretive structure of family life among grown children of Korean and Vietnamese immigrants.<em> Journal of Marriage and Family, 62<\/em>, 240-255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/J.1741-3737.2000.00240.X<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Qin, S., Young, C. B., Duan, X., Chen, T., Supekar, K., &amp; Menon, V. (2013). Amygdala subregional structure and intrinsic functional connectivity predicts individual differences in anxiety during early childhood. <em>Biological Psychiatry. <\/em>Advance online publication. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.10.006<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Rahman, Q., &amp; Wilson, G. D. (2003a). Large sexual-orientation-related differences in performance on mental rotation and judgment of line orientation tasks. <em>Neuropsychology, 17<\/em>, 25\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0894-4105.17.1.25<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Rahman, Q., &amp; Wilson, G. D. (2003b). Sexual orientation and the 2nd to 4th finger length ratio: Evidence for organising effects of sex hormones or developmental instability? <em>Psychoneuroendocrinology, 28, <\/em>288\u2013303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0306-4530(02)00022-7<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Raineki, C., Cort\u00e9s, M. R., Belnoue, L., &amp; Sullivan, R. M. (2012). Effects of early-life abuse differ across development: Infant social behaviour deficits are followed by adolescent depressive-like behaviours mediated by the amygdala. <em>The Journal of Neuroscience, 32<\/em>, 7758\u20137765. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5843-11.2012<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Ravilochan, T. (2021). <em>The Blackfoot Wisdom that Inspired Maslow\u2019s Hierarchy<\/em>. Resilienc. https:\/\/www.resilience.org\/stories\/2021-06-18\/the-blackfoot-wisdom-that-inspired-maslows-hierarchy\/<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Reichenberger, J., Richard, A., Smyth, J. M., Fischer, D., Pollatos, O., &amp; Blechert, J. (2018). It&#8217;s craving time: Time of day effects on momentary hunger and food craving in daily life. <em>Nutrition<\/em>. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nut.2018.03.048<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Reid, W., &amp; Hoens, A. M. (2012). Clinicians&#8217; commentary on you et al.<em> Physiotherapy Canada. Physiotherapie Canada, 64<\/em>(2), 176-177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3138\/ptc.2011-01-cc<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Rodriguez-Larralde, A., &amp; Paradisi, I. (2009). Influence of genetic factors on human sexual orientation. <em>Investigacion Clinica, 50,<\/em> 377\u2013391.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Roever-Borges, L., &amp; Resende Es. (2015). Visceral Fat and Association with Metabolic Risk Factors. <em>Epidemiology,<\/em> 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4172\/2161-1165.1000E118<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Roseman, I. J., and Smith, C. A. (2001). Appraisal theory: Overview, assumptions, varieties, controversies. In K. R. Scherer, A. Schorr, &amp; T. Johnstone (Eds.), <em>Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research,<\/em> (pp. 3\u201319). Oxford University Press.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Ross, M. W., &amp; Arrindell, W. A. (1988). Perceived parental rearing patterns of homosexual and heterosexual men. <em>The Journal of Sex Research, 24<\/em>, 275\u2013281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00224498809551424<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Rubino, F., Batterham, R. L., Koch, M., Mingrone, G., le Roux, C. W., Farooqi, I. S., Farpour-Lambert, N., Gregg, E. W., &amp; Cummings, D. E. (2023). Lancet Diabetes &amp; Endocrinology Commission on the Definition and Diagnosis of Clinical Obesity. <em>The Lancet. Diabetes &amp; Endocrinology<\/em>, <em>11<\/em>, 226\u2013228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-8587(23)00058-X<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Ryan, R. M., &amp; Deci, E. L. (2020). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation from a self-determination theory perspective: Definitions, theory, practices, and future directions. C<em>ontemporary Educational Psychology, 61,<\/em> 101860. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cedpsych.2020.101860<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Safdar, M., Muzaffar, M., Khattak, A., &amp; Khan, A. (2003). Health Risks of Overweight and Obesity &#8211; An Over View. <em>Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 2, <\/em>350-360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3923\/PJN.2003.350.360<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Saguy, A., Gruys, K., &amp; Gong, S. (2010). Social problem construction and national context: news reporting on &#8220;overweight&#8221; and &#8220;obesity&#8221; in the United States and France.<em> Social Problems, 57<\/em>(4), 586-610. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1525\/SP.2010.57.4.586<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Sandberg, K. M., &amp; Erford, B. T. (2013). Choosing Assessment Instruments for Bulimia Practice and Outcome Research. <em>Journal of Counseling and Development, 91<\/em>, 367-379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/j.1556-6676.2013.00107.x<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Sawyer, S., Whitelaw, M., Le Grange, D., Yeo, M., &amp; Hughes, E. (2016). Physical and psychological morbidity in adolescents with atypical anorexia nervosa. <em>Pediatrics, 137<\/em>. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2015-4080<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Saxe, L., &amp; Ben-Shakhar, G. (1999). Admissibility of polygraph tests: The application of scientific standards post-Daubert. <em>Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 5, <\/em>203\u2013223. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1037\/1076-8971.5.1.203<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Schachter, S., &amp; Singer, J. E. (1962). Cognitive, social, and physiological determinants of emotional state. <em>Psychological Review, 69,<\/em> 379\u2013399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0046234<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Schultz, P. W. (2002). Inclusion with nature: The psychology of human-nature relations. In P. Schmuck &amp; W. P. Schultz (Eds.), <em>Psychology of sustainable development<\/em> (pp. 61-78). Kluwer Academic Publishers.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Schwartzman, L. (2015). Appetites, Disorder, and Desire.<em> IJFAB: International Journal of Feminist Approaches to Bioethics, 8<\/em>(2), 86-102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3138\/IJFAB.8.2.86<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Shallcross, A. J., Troy, A. S., Boland, M., &amp; Mauss, I. B. (2010). Let it be: Accepting negative emotional experiences predicts decreased negative affect and depressive symptoms. <em>Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48<\/em>, 921\u2013929. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/20566191<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Sherwin, B. B. (1988). A comparative analysis of the role of androgen in human male and female sexual behaviour: behavioural specificity, critical thresholds, and sensitivity. <em>Psychobiology, 16,<\/em> 416\u2013425. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BF03327339<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Sil\u00e9n, Y., &amp; Keski-Rahkonen, A. (2022). Worldwide prevalence of DSM-5 eating disorders among young people. <em>Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 35<\/em>, 362-371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000818<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Silton, N. R., Flannelly, K. J., Milstein, G., &amp; Vaaler, M. L. (2011). The impact of religion and spirituality on mental health. In A. Blume (Ed.), <em>Religion and spirituality in psychiatry<\/em> (pp. 85-96). Cambridge University Press.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Sirgy, M. J., &amp; Wu, J. (2009). The pleasant life, the engaged life, and the meaningful life: What about the balanced life?<em> Journal of Happiness Studies, 10<\/em>(2), 183-196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10902-007-9074-1<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Smink, F. R. E., van Hoeken, D., &amp; Hoek, H. W. (2012). Epidemiology of eating disorders: Incidence, prevalence, and mortality rates. <em>Current Psychiatry Reports, 14,<\/em> 406\u2013414. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11920-012-0282-y<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Soussignan, R. (2002). Duchenne smile, emotional experience, and autonomic reactivity: A test of the facial feedback hypothesis. <em>Emotion, 2<\/em>, 52\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/record\/2002-18343-004<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Speakman, J. R., Levitsky, D. A., Allison, D. B., Bray, M. S., de Castro, J. M., Clegg, D. J., Clapham, J. C., Dulloo, A. G., Gruer, L., Haw, S., Hebebrand, J., Hetherington, M. M., Higgs, S., Jebb, S. A., Loos, R. J. F., Luckman, S. M., Luke, A., Mohammed-Ali, V., O&#8217;Rahilly, S. P., Pereira, M. A., P\u00e9russe, L., Robinson, T. N., Rolls, B., Symonds, M. E., &amp; Westerterp-Plantenga, M. S. (2011). Set points, settling points and some alternative models: theoretical options to understand how genes and environments combine to regulate body adiposity. <em>Disease Models &amp; Mechanisms, 4(<\/em>6), 733-745. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/dmm.008698<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Statistics Canada. (2015). <em>Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS) <\/em>https:\/\/www23.statcan.gc.ca\/imdb\/p2SV.pl?Function=getSurvey&amp;SDDS=5071<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Steel, P. (2007). The nature of procrastination: A meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure. <em>Psychological Bulletin, 133<\/em>, 65-94. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.133.1.65<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Strack, F., Martin, L. &amp; Stepper, S. (1988). Inhibiting and facilitating conditions of the human smile: A nonobtrusive test of the facial feedback hypothesis.<em> Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54,<\/em> 768\u2013777. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.54.5.768<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Sutherland, M. (2013). Overweight and Obesity Among African American Women. <em>Journal of Black Studies, 44<\/em>, 846-869. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0021934713511639<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Swaab, D. F., &amp; Hofman, M. A. (1990). An enlarged suprachiasmatic nucleus in homosexual men. <em>Brain Research, 537<\/em>, 141\u2013148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0006-8993(90)90350-K<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Swenne, I. (2016). Influence of premorbid BMI on clinical characteristics at presentation of adolescent girls with eating disorders.<em> BMC Psychiatry, 16.<\/em> https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-016-0788-7<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Tamietto, M., Castelli, L., Vighetti, S., Perozzo, P., Geminiani, G., Weiskrantz, L., &amp; de Gelder, B. (2009). Unseen facial and bodily expressions trigger fast emotional reactions. <em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,USA, 106<\/em>, 17661\u201317666. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0908994106<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Tangmunkongvorakul, A., Banwell, C., Carmichael, G., Utomo, I. D., &amp; Sleigh, A. (2010). Sexual identities and lifestyles among non-heterosexual urban Chiang Mai youth: Implications for health. <em>Culture, Health, and Sexuality, 12, <\/em>827\u2013841. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13691058.2010.499150<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Tanofsky-Kraff, M., Yanovski, S., Wilfley, D., Marmarosh, C., Morgan, C., &amp; Yanovski, J. (2004). Eating-disordered behaviours, body fat, and psychopathology in overweight and normal-weight children. <em>Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72<\/em>(1), 53\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-006X.72.1.53<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Taormina, R. J., &amp; Gao, J. H. (2013). Maslow and the motivation hierarchy: Measuring satisfaction of the needs. <em>The American Journal of Psychology, 126<\/em>(2), 155-177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5406\/amerjpsyc.126.2.0155<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Thiels, C., &amp; Garthe, R. (2000). Prevalence of eating disorders among students. <em>Der Nervenarzt, 71<\/em> 7, 552-558. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s001150050625<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Tomiyama, A. J., Carr, D., Granberg, E. M., Major, B., Robinson, E., Sutin, A. R., &amp; Brewis, A. (2018). How and why weight stigma drives the obesity \u2018epidemic\u2019 and harms health. <em>BMC Medicine, 16(<\/em>1), 1-6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12916-018-1116-5<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Troy, A. S., Shallcross, A. J., &amp; Mauss, I. B. (2013). A person\u2013by\u2013situation approach to emotion regulation: Cognitive reappraisal can either hurt or help, depending on the context. <em>Psychological Science, 12<\/em>, 2505\u20132514. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/24145331<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Troy, A. S., Wilhelm, F. H., Shallcross, A. J., &amp; Mauss, I. B. (2010). Seeing the silver lining: Cognitive reappraisal ability moderates the relationship between stress and depression. <em>Emotion, 10<\/em>, 783\u2013795. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3278301\/<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Turgut, B. (2018). Ocular changes and disorders associated with Obesity.<em> International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology.<\/em> https:\/\/doi.org\/10.29328\/JOURNAL.IJCEO.1001015<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Twells, L. K., Gregory, D. M., Reddigan, J., &amp; Midodzi, W. K. (2014). Current and predicted prevalence of obesity in Canada: A trend analysis. <em>CMAJ Open, 2<\/em>(1), E18-E26. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9778\/cmajo.20130016<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Urek, R., Crn\u010devi\u0107-Urek, M., &amp; \u010cubrilo-Turek, M. (2007). Obesity&#8211;a global public health problem. <em>Acta Medica Croatica: Casopis Hravatske Akademije Medicinskih Znanosti, 61<\/em>(2), 161-164.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Vallerand, R. J., Pelletier, L. G., Blais, M. R., Bri\u00e8re, N. M., Sen\u00e9cal, C., &amp; Valli\u00e8res, \u00c9. F. (1995). The Academic Motivation Scale: A measure of intrinsic, extrinsic, and amotivation in education. <em>Educational and Psychological Measurement, 55<\/em>(4), 534-550.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Wang, Z., Neylan, T. C., Mueller, S. G., Lenoci, M., Truran, D., Marmar, C. R., . . . Schuff, N. (2010). Magnetic resonance imaging of hippocampal subfields in posttraumatic stress disorder. <em>Arch Gen Psychiatry, 67<\/em>(3), 296\u2013303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2009.205<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Wei, Z., &amp; Ma, Y. (2022). The Limitation and Optimization of Maslow&#8217;s Hierarchy of Needs Theory in Enterprises\u2019 Application. <em>BCP Business &amp; Management<\/em>. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.54691\/bcpbm.v17i.388<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Weinsier, R. L., Nagy, T. R., Hunter, G. R., Darnell, B. E., Hensrud, D. D., &amp; Weiss, H. L. (2000). Do adaptive changes in metabolic rate favor weight regain in weight-reduced individuals? An examination of the set-point theory. <em>The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 72<\/em>, 1088\u20131094.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Whiting, J., &amp; Hannam, K. (2015). Creativity, self-expression and leisure. <em>Leisure Studies, 34<\/em>, 372-384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02614367.2014.923494<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Wierenga, C. E., Bischoff-Grethe, A., Melrose, A. J., Irvine, Z., Torres, L., Bailer, U. F., Simmons, A., Fudge, J. L., McClure, S. M., Ely, A., Kaye, W. H. (2015). Hunger does not motivate reward in women remitted from anorexia nervosa. <em>Biological Psychiatry.<\/em> https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2014.09.024<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Wilhelm, S., Phillips, K. A., &amp; Steketee, G. (2014).<em> Cognitive-behavioral therapy for body dysmorphic disorder: A treatment manual. <\/em>Guilford Press.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Willett, W. C., Manson, J. E., Stampfer, M. J., Colditz, G. A., Rosner, B., Speizer, F. E., &amp; Hennekens, C. H. (1995). Weight, weight change, and coronary heart disease in women. Risk within the &#8216;normal&#8217; weight range.<em> JAMA, 273<\/em>(6), 461-465. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.1995.03520300035033<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Williamson, D. F. (1993). Descriptive epidemiology of body weight and weight change in U.S. adults. <em>Annals of Internal Medicine, 119<\/em>(7 Pt 2), 646-649. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/0003-4819-119-7_Part_2-199310011-00004<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Woods, S. C. (2004). Gastrointestinal satiety signals I. An overview of gastrointestinal signals that influence food intake. <em>American Journal of Physiology: Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology, 286<\/em>, G7\u2013G13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpgi.00448.2003<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Woods, S. C., &amp; D\u2019Alessio, D. A. (2008). Central control of body weight and appetite. <em>Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 93<\/em>, S37\u2013S50. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2008-1630<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Xu, A., Schwarz, N., &amp; Wyer, R. S. (2015). Hunger promotes acquisition of nonfood objects. <em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112<\/em>(10), 2688-2692. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1417712112<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Yerkes, R. M., &amp; Dodson, J. D. (1908). The relation of strength of stimulus to rapidity of habit-formation. <em>Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology, 18<\/em>, 459\u2013482. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cne.920180503<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Yi, S. W., Ohrr, H., Shin, S. A., &amp; Yi, J. J. (2015). Sex-age-specific association of body mass index with all-cause mortality among 12.8 million Korean adults: a prospective cohort study.<em> International Journal of Epidemiology, 44<\/em>(5), 1696\u20131705. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyv138<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Yogman, M., Garner, A., Hutchinson, J., Hirsh-Pasek, K., &amp; Golinkoff, R. (2018). The power of play: A pediatric role in enhancing development in young children. <em>Pediatrics, 142<\/em>. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2018-2058<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Yu, Y., Vasselli, J. R., Zhang, Y., Mechanick, J. I., Korner, J., &amp; Peterli, R. (2015). Metabolic vs. hedonic obesity: a conceptual distinction and its clinical implications. <em>Obesity Reviews, 16<\/em>(3), 234-247. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/obr.12246<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Zajonc, R. B. (1980). Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences. <em>American Psychologist, 35<\/em>(2), 151\u2013175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0003-066X.35.2.151<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Zajonc, R. B. (1998). Emotions. In D. T. Gilbert &amp; S. T. Fiske (Eds.), <em>Handbook of social psychology<\/em> (4th ed., Vol. 1, pp. 591\u2013632). McGraw-Hill.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Ziauddeen, H., Subramaniam, N., Gaillard, R., Burke, L., Farooqi, I. S., &amp; Fletcher, P. C. (2011). Food images engage subliminal motivation to seek food. <em>International Journal of Obesity, 2005.<\/em> https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ijo.2011.239<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h1>Chapter Attribution<\/h1>\n<p>&#8220;Motivation&#8221; by Jessica Motherwell McFarlane is licensed under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 Licence<\/a>. It includes sections adapted from &#8220;88. Motivation&#8221; and &#8220;89. Hunger and Eating&#8221; in <em><a href=\"https:\/\/caul-cbua.pressbooks.pub\/intropsychneuro\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Introduction to Psychology &amp; Neuroscience<\/a> (2nd Edition)<\/em> open textbook edited by \u00a0Leanne Stevens, Jennifer Stamp, &amp; Kevin LeBlanc, which is licensed under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY 4.0 Licence<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":88,"menu_order":6,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":["jessica-motherwell-mcfarlane"],"pb_section_license":"cc-by-nc-sa"},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[105],"license":[56],"class_list":["post-983","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","contributor-jessica-motherwell-mcfarlane","license-cc-by-nc-sa"],"part":924,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbooks.concordia.ca\/psyc205\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/983","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbooks.concordia.ca\/psyc205\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbooks.concordia.ca\/psyc205\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbooks.concordia.ca\/psyc205\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/88"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbooks.concordia.ca\/psyc205\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/983\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2287,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbooks.concordia.ca\/psyc205\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/983\/revisions\/2287"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbooks.concordia.ca\/psyc205\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/924"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbooks.concordia.ca\/psyc205\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/983\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbooks.concordia.ca\/psyc205\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=983"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbooks.concordia.ca\/psyc205\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=983"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbooks.concordia.ca\/psyc205\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=983"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbooks.concordia.ca\/psyc205\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=983"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}