{"id":290,"date":"2021-01-12T16:16:09","date_gmt":"2021-01-12T21:16:09","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/opentextbooks.concordia.ca\/lifespandevelopment\/chapter\/2-r-heredity-prenatal-development-and-birth-references-social-sci-libretexts\/"},"modified":"2021-02-05T12:37:50","modified_gmt":"2021-02-05T17:37:50","slug":"2-r-heredity-prenatal-development-and-birth-references","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/opentextbooks.concordia.ca\/lifespandevelopment\/chapter\/2-r-heredity-prenatal-development-and-birth-references\/","title":{"raw":"2.R: Heredity, Prenatal Development, and Birth (References)","rendered":"2.R: Heredity, Prenatal Development, and Birth (References)"},"content":{"raw":"
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Albert, E. (2013). Many more women delay childbirth into 40s due to career constraints. <\/span>Milwaukee Journal Sentinel<\/em>. Retrieved from <\/span>https:\/\/www.jsonline.com\/news\/health\/...220272671.html<\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/header>
American Pregnancy Association. (2015). Epidural anesthesia<\/em>. Retrieved from https:\/\/americanpregnancy.org\/labor-a...irth\/epidural\/<\/a>American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, <\/em>5<\/em>th<\/em> edition (DSM-V)<\/em>. Washington, DC: Author.\r\n\r\nAmerican Society of Reproductive Medicine. (2015). State infertility insurance laws<\/em>. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.reproductivefacts.org\/insurance.aspx<\/a>\r\n\r\nBerger, K. S. (2005). The developing person through the life span <\/em>(6th ed.). New York: Worth.\r\n\r\nBerk, L. (2004). Development through the life span <\/em>(3rd ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.\r\n\r\nBortolus, R., Parazzini, F., Chatenoud, L., Benzi, G., Bianchi, M. M., & Marini, A. (1999). The epidemiology of multiple births. Human Reproduction Update<\/em>, 5<\/em>, 179-187.\r\n\r\nBray, I., Gunnell, D., & Smith, G. D. (2006). Advanced paternal age: How old is too old? Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 60(10), <\/em>851-853. Doi: 10.1136\/jech.2005.045179\r\n\r\nBrazelton, T. B., & Nugent, J. K. (1995). Neonatal behavioral assessment scale<\/em>. London: Mac Keith Press.\r\n\r\nCarrell, D. T., Wilcox, A. L., Lowry, L., Peterson, C. M., Jones, K. P., & Erikson, L. (2003). Elevated sperm chromosome aneuploidy and apoptosis in patients with unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss. Obstetrics and Gynecology<\/em>, 101<\/em>(6), 1229-1235.\r\n\r\nCarroll, J. L. (2007). Sexuality now: Embracing diversity <\/em>(2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson.\r\n\r\nCenters for Disease Control and Prevention. (2005). Surgeon\u2019s general\u2019<\/em>s advisory on alcohol use during pregnancy. <\/em>Retrieved from https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncbddd\/fasd\/docu...enbookmark.pdf<\/a>\r\n\r\nCenters for Disease Control and Prevention. (2014). Pelvic inflammatory disease<\/em>. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/std\/pid\/stdfact-pid-detailed.htm<\/a>\r\n\r\nCenters for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015a). Birthweight and gestation<\/em>. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/fastats\/birthweight.htm<\/a>\r\n\r\nCenters for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015b) Genetic Counseling. <\/em>Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncbddd\/genetics\/g...ounseling.html<\/a>\r\n\r\nCenters for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015c). Preterm birth<\/em>. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/reproductivehealt...etermbirth.htm<\/a>\r\n\r\nCenters for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015d). Smoking, pregnancy, and babies. <\/em>Retrieved from https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/tobacco\/campaign\/...pregnancy.html<\/a>\r\n\r\nCenters for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016a). Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. <\/em>Retrieved from https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncbddd\/fasd<\/a>\r\n\r\nCenters for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016b). HIV\/AIDS prevention<\/em>. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hiv\/basics\/prevention.html<\/a>\r\n\r\nCenters for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016c). HIV transmission<\/em>. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hiv\/basics\/transmission.html<\/a>\r\n\r\nCenters for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016d). STDs during pregnancy<\/em>. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/std\/pregnancy\/std...-pregnancy.htm<\/a>\r\n\r\nConners, N.A., Bradley, R.H., Whiteside-Mansell, L., Liu, J.Y., Roberts, T.J., Burgdorf, K., & Herrell, J.M. (2003). Children of mothers with serious substance abuse problems: An accumulation of risks. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 29 <\/em>(4), 743\u2013758.\r\n\r\nCordier, S. (2008). Evidence for a role of paternal exposure in developmental toxicity. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, 102, <\/em>176-181.\r\n\r\nEisenberg, A., Murkoff, H. E., & Hathaway, S. E. (1996). What to expect when you\u2019re expecting<\/em>. New York: Workman Publishing.\r\n\r\nFigdor, E., & Kaeser, L. (1998). Concerns mount over punitive approaches to substance abuse among pregnant women. The <\/em>Guttmacher report on public policy<\/em>. 1(5), 3\u20135.\r\n\r\nFraga, M. F., Ballestar, E., Paz, M. F., Ropero, S., Setien, F., Ballestar, M. L., ... Esteller, M. (2005). Epigenetic differences arise during the lifetime of monozygotic twins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science (USA), 102<\/em>, 10604-10609. DOI:10.1073\/pnas.0500398102\r\n\r\nGottlieb, G. (1998). Normally occurring environmental and behavioral influences on gene activity: From central dogma to probabilistic epigenesis. Psychological Review<\/em>, 105<\/em>, 792-802.\r\n\r\nGottlieb, G. (2000). Environmental and behavioral influences on gene activity. Current Directions in Psychological Science<\/em>, 9<\/em>, 93-97.\r\n\r\nGottlieb, G. (2002). Individual development and evolution: The genesis of novel behavior<\/em>. New York: Oxford University Press. Gould, J. L., & Keeton, W. T. (1997). Biological science <\/em>(6th ed.). New York: Norton.\r\n\r\nGregory, E. (2007). Ready: Why women are embracing the new later motherhood<\/em>. Philadelphia, PA: Basic Books.\r\n\r\nHall, D. (2004). Meiotic drive and sex chromosome cycling. Evolution, 58<\/em>(5), 925-931.\r\n\r\nHealth Resources and Services Administration. (2015). HIV screening for pregnant women<\/em>. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.hrsa.gov\/quality\/toolbox\/...men\/index.html<\/a>\r\n\r\nLeve, L. D., Neiderhiser, J. M., Scarmella, L. V., & Reiss, D. (2010). The early growth and development study: Using the prospective adoption design to examine genotype-interplay. Behavior Genetics, 40, <\/em>306-314. DOI: 10.1007\/s10519- 010- 9353-1\r\n\r\nMacDorman, M., Menacker, F., & Declercq, E. (2010). Trends and Characteristics of Home and Other out of Hospital Births in the United States, 1990-2006 <\/em>(United States, Center for Disease Control). Retrieved from https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data\/nvsr\/nv...;nvsr58_11.PDF<\/a>\r\n\r\nMarch of Dimes. (2009). Rh disease<\/em>. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.marchofdimes.org\/complica...h-disease.aspx<\/a>\r\n\r\nMarch of Dimes. (2012a). Rubella and your baby<\/em>. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.marchofdimes.org\/baby\/rub...your-baby.aspx<\/a>\r\n\r\nMarch of Dimes. (2012b). Stress and pregnancy<\/em>. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.marchofdimes.org\/pregnanc...pregnancy.aspx<\/a>\r\n\r\nMarch of Dimes. (2012c). Teenage pregnancy<\/em>. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.marchofdimes.org\/material...-pregnancy.pdf<\/a>\r\n\r\nMarch of Dimes. (2012d). Toxoplasmosis. <\/em>Retrieved from https:\/\/www.marchofdimes.org\/complica...plasmosis.aspx<\/a>\r\n\r\nMarch of Dimes. (2013). Sexually transmitted diseases. <\/em>Retrieved from https:\/\/www.marchofdimes.org\/complica...-diseases.aspx<\/a>\r\n\r\nMarch of Dimes. (2014). Pesticides and pregnancy. <\/em>Retrieved from https:\/\/www.marchofdimes.org\/pregnanc...pregnancy.aspx<\/a>\r\n\r\nMarch of Dimes. (2015a). Depression during pregnancy<\/em>. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.marchofdimes.org\/complica...pregnancy.aspx<\/a>\r\n\r\nMarch of Dimes. (2015b). Gestational diabetes<\/em>. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.marchofdimes.org\/complica...-diabetes.aspx<\/a>\r\n\r\nMarch of Dimes. (2015c). High blood pressure during pregnancy<\/em>. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.marchofdimes.org\/complica...pregnancy.aspx<\/a>\r\n\r\nMarch of Dimes. (2015d). Neonatal abstinence syndrome<\/em>. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.marchofdimes.org\/complica...ome-(nas).aspx<\/a>\r\n\r\nMarch of Dimes. (2016a). Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. <\/em>Retrieved from https:\/\/www.marchofdimes.org\/complica...disorders.aspx<\/a>\r\n\r\nMarch of Dimes. (2016b). Identifying the causes of birth defects<\/em>. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.marchofdimes.org\/research...h-defects.aspx<\/a>\r\n\r\nMarch of Dimes. (2016c). Marijuana and pregnancy. <\/em>Retrieved from https:\/\/www.marchofdimes.org\/pregnancy\/marijuana.aspx<\/a>\r\n\r\nMarch of Dimes. (2016d). Pregnancy after age 35. <\/em>Retrieved from https:\/\/www.marchofdimes.org\/pregnanc...er-age-35.aspx<\/a>\r\n\r\nMarch of Dimes. (2016e). Prescription medicine during pregnancy<\/em>. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.marchofdimes.org\/pregnanc...pregnancy.aspx<\/a>\r\n\r\nMarch of Dimes. (2016f). Weight gain during pregnancy<\/em>. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.marchofdimes.org\/pregnanc...pregnancy.aspx<\/a>\r\n\r\nMartin, J. A., Hamilton, B. E., Osterman, M., Curtin, S. C., & Mathews, T. J. (2015). Births: Final data for 2013. National Vital Statistics Reports, 64<\/em>(1), 1-65.\r\n\r\nMayo Clinic. (2014). Labor and delivery, postpartum care<\/em>. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/healthy-li...-and-delivery\/<\/a> in-depth\/inducing-labor\/art-20047557\r\n\r\nMayo Clinic. (2015). Male infertility<\/em>. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-c...n\/con-20033113<\/a>\r\n\r\nMayo Clinic. (2016). Episiotomy: When it's needed, when it's not. <\/em>Retrieved from https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/healthy-li...y\/art-20047282<\/a>\r\n\r\nMorgan, M.A., Goldenberg, R.L., & Schulkin, J. (2008) Obstetrician-gynecologists\u2019 practices regarding preterm birth at the limit of viability. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, 21<\/em>, 115-121.\r\n\r\nNational Institute of Child Health and Human Development. (2013). Preeclampsia. <\/em>Retrieved from https:\/\/www.nichd.nih.gov\/health\/top...ages\/risk.aspx<\/a>\r\n\r\nNational Institute of Health (2015). An overview of the human genome project<\/em>. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.genome.gov\/12011238<\/a>\r\n\r\nNational Public Radio. (Producer). (2015, November 18). In Tennessee, giving birth to a drug-dependent baby can be a crime <\/em>[Audio podcast]. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.npr.org\/templates\/transcr...ryld=455924258<\/a>\r\n\r\nNippoldt, T.B. (2015). How does paternal age affect a baby\u2019s health? Mayo Clinic. <\/em>Retrieved from https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/healthy-li...e\/faq-20057873<\/a>\r\n\r\nPlomin, R., DeFries, J. C., Knopik, V. S., & Niederhiser, J. M. (2013). Behavioral Genetics (<\/em>6<\/em>th<\/em> edition). <\/em>NY: Worth Publishers. Regev, R.H., Lusky, T. Dolfin, I. Litmanovitz, S. Arnon, B. & Reichman. (2003). Excess mortality and morbidity among small-for-gestational-age premature infants: A population based study. Journal of Pediatrics, 143<\/em>, 186-191.\r\n\r\nRegev, R.H., Lusky, T. Dolfin, I. Litmanovitz, S. Arnon, B. & Reichman. (2003). Excess mortality and morbidity among small-for-gestational-age premature infants: A population based study. Journal of Pediatrics, 143<\/em>, 186-191.\r\n\r\nRoyal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (1997). Fetal awareness: Review of research and recommendations. <\/em>Retrieved from https:\/\/www.rcog.org.uk\/en\/guideline...-for-practice\/<\/a>\r\n\r\nStiles, J. & Jernigan, T. L. (2010). The basics of brain development. Neuropsychology Review, 20<\/em>(4), 327-348. doi: 10.1007\/s11065-010-9148-4\r\n\r\nSun, F., Sebastiani, P., Schupf, N., Bae, H., Andersen, S. L., McIntosh, A., Abel, H., Elo, I., & Perls, T. (2015). Extended maternal age at birth of last child and women\u2019s longevity in the Long Life Family Study. Menopause: The Journal of the North American Menopause Society, 22(<\/em>1), 26-31.\r\n\r\nTong, V. T., Dietz, P.M., Morrow, B., D'Angelo, D.V., Farr, S.L., Rockhill, K.M., & England, L.J. (2013). Trends in Smoking Before, During, and After Pregnancy \u2014 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, United States, 40 Sites, 2000\u20132010. Surveillance Summaries, <\/em>62(SS06), 1-19. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mmwr\/preview\/mmwrhtml\/ss6206a1.htm<\/a>\r\n\r\nUnited States National Library of Medicine. (2014). In vitro fertilization<\/em>. Retrieved from https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/ency\/article\/007279.htm<\/a>\r\n\r\nUnited States National Library of Medicine. (2015). Fetal development<\/em>. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.nlm.nih.gov\/medlineplus\/...cle\/002398.htm<\/a>\r\n\r\nUnited States National Library of Medicine. (2015). Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. <\/em>Retrieved from https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/ency\/article\/001563.htm<\/a>\r\n\r\nWorld Health Organization. (2010, September 15). Maternal Deaths Worldwide Drop by a Third, WHO<\/em>. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/news\/...\/en\/index.html<\/a>\r\n\r\nYoungentob, S. L., Molina, J. C., Spear, N. E., & Youngentob, L. M. (2007). The effect of gestational ethanol exposure on voluntary ethanol intake in early postnatal and adult rats. Behavioral Neuroscience, 121<\/em>(6), 1306-1315. doi.org\/10.1037\/0735-7044.121.6.1306\r\n\r\n<\/section><\/article>","rendered":"
\n
\n
Albert, E. (2013). Many more women delay childbirth into 40s due to career constraints. <\/span>Milwaukee Journal Sentinel<\/em>. Retrieved from <\/span>https:\/\/www.jsonline.com\/news\/health\/…220272671.html<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/header>\n
\n
American Pregnancy Association. (2015). Epidural anesthesia<\/em>. Retrieved from https:\/\/americanpregnancy.org\/labor-a…irth\/epidural\/<\/a>American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, <\/em>5<\/em>th<\/em> edition (DSM-V)<\/em>. Washington, DC: Author.<\/p>\n

American Society of Reproductive Medicine. (2015). State infertility insurance laws<\/em>. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.reproductivefacts.org\/insurance.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n

Berger, K. S. (2005). The developing person through the life span <\/em>(6th ed.). New York: Worth.<\/p>\n

Berk, L. (2004). Development through the life span <\/em>(3rd ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.<\/p>\n

Bortolus, R., Parazzini, F., Chatenoud, L., Benzi, G., Bianchi, M. M., & Marini, A. (1999). The epidemiology of multiple births. Human Reproduction Update<\/em>, 5<\/em>, 179-187.<\/p>\n

Bray, I., Gunnell, D., & Smith, G. D. (2006). Advanced paternal age: How old is too old? Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 60(10), <\/em>851-853. Doi: 10.1136\/jech.2005.045179<\/p>\n

Brazelton, T. B., & Nugent, J. K. (1995). Neonatal behavioral assessment scale<\/em>. London: Mac Keith Press.<\/p>\n

Carrell, D. T., Wilcox, A. L., Lowry, L., Peterson, C. M., Jones, K. P., & Erikson, L. (2003). Elevated sperm chromosome aneuploidy and apoptosis in patients with unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss. Obstetrics and Gynecology<\/em>, 101<\/em>(6), 1229-1235.<\/p>\n

Carroll, J. L. (2007). Sexuality now: Embracing diversity <\/em>(2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson.<\/p>\n

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2005). Surgeon\u2019s general\u2019<\/em>s advisory on alcohol use during pregnancy. <\/em>Retrieved from https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncbddd\/fasd\/docu…enbookmark.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2014). Pelvic inflammatory disease<\/em>. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/std\/pid\/stdfact-pid-detailed.htm<\/a><\/p>\n

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015a). Birthweight and gestation<\/em>. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/fastats\/birthweight.htm<\/a><\/p>\n

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015b) Genetic Counseling. <\/em>Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncbddd\/genetics\/g…ounseling.html<\/a><\/p>\n

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015c). Preterm birth<\/em>. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/reproductivehealt…etermbirth.htm<\/a><\/p>\n

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015d). Smoking, pregnancy, and babies. <\/em>Retrieved from https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/tobacco\/campaign\/…pregnancy.html<\/a><\/p>\n

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016a). Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. <\/em>Retrieved from https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncbddd\/fasd<\/a><\/p>\n

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016b). HIV\/AIDS prevention<\/em>. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hiv\/basics\/prevention.html<\/a><\/p>\n

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016c). HIV transmission<\/em>. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hiv\/basics\/transmission.html<\/a><\/p>\n

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016d). STDs during pregnancy<\/em>. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/std\/pregnancy\/std…-pregnancy.htm<\/a><\/p>\n

Conners, N.A., Bradley, R.H., Whiteside-Mansell, L., Liu, J.Y., Roberts, T.J., Burgdorf, K., & Herrell, J.M. (2003). Children of mothers with serious substance abuse problems: An accumulation of risks. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 29 <\/em>(4), 743\u2013758.<\/p>\n

Cordier, S. (2008). Evidence for a role of paternal exposure in developmental toxicity. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, 102, <\/em>176-181.<\/p>\n

Eisenberg, A., Murkoff, H. E., & Hathaway, S. E. (1996). What to expect when you\u2019re expecting<\/em>. New York: Workman Publishing.<\/p>\n

Figdor, E., & Kaeser, L. (1998). Concerns mount over punitive approaches to substance abuse among pregnant women. The <\/em>Guttmacher report on public policy<\/em>. 1(5), 3\u20135.<\/p>\n

Fraga, M. F., Ballestar, E., Paz, M. F., Ropero, S., Setien, F., Ballestar, M. L., … Esteller, M. (2005). Epigenetic differences arise during the lifetime of monozygotic twins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science (USA), 102<\/em>, 10604-10609. DOI:10.1073\/pnas.0500398102<\/p>\n

Gottlieb, G. (1998). Normally occurring environmental and behavioral influences on gene activity: From central dogma to probabilistic epigenesis. Psychological Review<\/em>, 105<\/em>, 792-802.<\/p>\n

Gottlieb, G. (2000). Environmental and behavioral influences on gene activity. Current Directions in Psychological Science<\/em>, 9<\/em>, 93-97.<\/p>\n

Gottlieb, G. (2002). Individual development and evolution: The genesis of novel behavior<\/em>. New York: Oxford University Press. Gould, J. L., & Keeton, W. T. (1997). Biological science <\/em>(6th ed.). New York: Norton.<\/p>\n

Gregory, E. (2007). Ready: Why women are embracing the new later motherhood<\/em>. Philadelphia, PA: Basic Books.<\/p>\n

Hall, D. (2004). Meiotic drive and sex chromosome cycling. Evolution, 58<\/em>(5), 925-931.<\/p>\n

Health Resources and Services Administration. (2015). HIV screening for pregnant women<\/em>. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.hrsa.gov\/quality\/toolbox\/…men\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n

Leve, L. D., Neiderhiser, J. M., Scarmella, L. V., & Reiss, D. (2010). The early growth and development study: Using the prospective adoption design to examine genotype-interplay. Behavior Genetics, 40, <\/em>306-314. DOI: 10.1007\/s10519- 010- 9353-1<\/p>\n

MacDorman, M., Menacker, F., & Declercq, E. (2010). Trends and Characteristics of Home and Other out of Hospital Births in the United States, 1990-2006 <\/em>(United States, Center for Disease Control). Retrieved from https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data\/nvsr\/nv…;nvsr58_11.PDF<\/a><\/p>\n

March of Dimes. (2009). Rh disease<\/em>. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.marchofdimes.org\/complica…h-disease.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n

March of Dimes. (2012a). Rubella and your baby<\/em>. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.marchofdimes.org\/baby\/rub…your-baby.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n

March of Dimes. (2012b). Stress and pregnancy<\/em>. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.marchofdimes.org\/pregnanc…pregnancy.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n

March of Dimes. (2012c). Teenage pregnancy<\/em>. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.marchofdimes.org\/material…-pregnancy.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

March of Dimes. (2012d). Toxoplasmosis. <\/em>Retrieved from https:\/\/www.marchofdimes.org\/complica…plasmosis.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n

March of Dimes. (2013). Sexually transmitted diseases. <\/em>Retrieved from https:\/\/www.marchofdimes.org\/complica…-diseases.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n

March of Dimes. (2014). Pesticides and pregnancy. <\/em>Retrieved from https:\/\/www.marchofdimes.org\/pregnanc…pregnancy.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n

March of Dimes. (2015a). Depression during pregnancy<\/em>. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.marchofdimes.org\/complica…pregnancy.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n

March of Dimes. (2015b). Gestational diabetes<\/em>. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.marchofdimes.org\/complica…-diabetes.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n

March of Dimes. (2015c). High blood pressure during pregnancy<\/em>. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.marchofdimes.org\/complica…pregnancy.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n

March of Dimes. (2015d). Neonatal abstinence syndrome<\/em>. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.marchofdimes.org\/complica…ome-(nas).aspx<\/a><\/p>\n

March of Dimes. (2016a). Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. <\/em>Retrieved from https:\/\/www.marchofdimes.org\/complica…disorders.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n

March of Dimes. (2016b). Identifying the causes of birth defects<\/em>. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.marchofdimes.org\/research…h-defects.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n

March of Dimes. (2016c). Marijuana and pregnancy. <\/em>Retrieved from https:\/\/www.marchofdimes.org\/pregnancy\/marijuana.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n

March of Dimes. (2016d). Pregnancy after age 35. <\/em>Retrieved from https:\/\/www.marchofdimes.org\/pregnanc…er-age-35.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n

March of Dimes. (2016e). Prescription medicine during pregnancy<\/em>. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.marchofdimes.org\/pregnanc…pregnancy.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n

March of Dimes. (2016f). Weight gain during pregnancy<\/em>. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.marchofdimes.org\/pregnanc…pregnancy.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n

Martin, J. A., Hamilton, B. E., Osterman, M., Curtin, S. C., & Mathews, T. J. (2015). Births: Final data for 2013. National Vital Statistics Reports, 64<\/em>(1), 1-65.<\/p>\n

Mayo Clinic. (2014). Labor and delivery, postpartum care<\/em>. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/healthy-li…-and-delivery\/<\/a> in-depth\/inducing-labor\/art-20047557<\/p>\n

Mayo Clinic. (2015). Male infertility<\/em>. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-c…n\/con-20033113<\/a><\/p>\n

Mayo Clinic. (2016). Episiotomy: When it’s needed, when it’s not. <\/em>Retrieved from https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/healthy-li…y\/art-20047282<\/a><\/p>\n

Morgan, M.A., Goldenberg, R.L., & Schulkin, J. (2008) Obstetrician-gynecologists\u2019 practices regarding preterm birth at the limit of viability. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, 21<\/em>, 115-121.<\/p>\n

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. (2013). Preeclampsia. <\/em>Retrieved from https:\/\/www.nichd.nih.gov\/health\/top…ages\/risk.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n

National Institute of Health (2015). An overview of the human genome project<\/em>. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.genome.gov\/12011238<\/a><\/p>\n

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