{"id":541,"date":"2020-02-08T18:34:01","date_gmt":"2020-02-08T18:34:01","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/opentextbooks.concordia.ca\/fundamentalsofhealthandphysicalactivity\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=541"},"modified":"2020-12-14T22:55:31","modified_gmt":"2020-12-14T22:55:31","slug":"smoking-vaping-and-tobacco","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/opentextbooks.concordia.ca\/fundamentalsofhealthandphysicalactivity\/chapter\/smoking-vaping-and-tobacco\/","title":{"raw":"2.11.1. Smoking, Vaping and Tobacco","rendered":"2.11.1. Smoking, Vaping and Tobacco"},"content":{"raw":"<h1>Effects of Smoking<\/h1>\r\nTobacco smoke is considered an environmental toxicant containing more than 4000 chemicals. More than 70 of these chemicals are known to cause, initiate and promote cancer.[footnote]Biomarkers of Exposure. Government of Canada. https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/health-canada\/services\/publications\/healthy-living\/biomarkers-exposure.html. Updated on May 13, 2014. Accessed on February 2, 2020.[\/footnote] Smoking is linked to more than two dozen diseases and conditions. <strong>Most of smoking adverse effects can start to reverse once you quit. Sometimes these effects will occur in a matter of hours.<\/strong>\r\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><b>Figure 2.11.1.1<\/b><em> Tobacco: Behind the Smoke<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_664\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1670\"]<img class=\"wp-image-664 size-full\" style=\"color: #373d3f;font-weight: bold;font-size: 1em\" src=\"http:\/\/opentextbooks.concordia.ca\/fundamentalsofhealthandphysicalactivity\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2020\/02\/infographic-tobacco-behind-smoke-eng-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1670\" height=\"2560\" \/> Source: \u00a9 All rights reserved. Tobacco Behind The Smoke. Health Canada. Adapted and reproduced with permission from the Minister of Health, 2020.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nHealth risks for people who smoke include the following:[footnote]Risks of Smoking. Government of Canada. https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/health-canada\/services\/smoking-tobacco\/effects-smoking\/smoking-your-body\/risks-smoking.html. Updated on May 17, 2016. Accessed on February 2, 2020[\/footnote]\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>problems with their heart and blood vessels<\/li>\r\n \t<li>stroke<\/li>\r\n \t<li>certain types of cancers<\/li>\r\n \t<li>lung and respiratory problems<\/li>\r\n \t<li>premature death<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nFemale smokers are also at increased risk for the following conditions:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>cancer of the cervix<\/li>\r\n \t<li>problems with periods (menstrual problems)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>problems getting pregnant (fertility problems)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>premature delivery<\/li>\r\n \t<li>having a low birth weight baby<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nMale smokers are also at increased risk for <span style=\"font-size: 1em\">problems with erections (impotence\/erectile dysfunction).<\/span>\r\n<h1>Health Risks From Second-Hand Smoke<\/h1>\r\nSecond-hand smoke includes both the smoke coming from the burning tobacco and the smoke that is exhaled by the person smoking. Children are especially at risk from second-hand smoke because their respiratory and immune systems are still developing.[footnote]Risks of Smoking. Government of Canada. https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/health-canada\/services\/smoking-tobacco\/effects-smoking\/smoking-your-body\/risks-smoking.html. Updated on May 17, 2016. Accessed on February 2, 2020[\/footnote]\r\n\r\nPeople exposed to second-hand smoke are at increased risk for\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>heart problems,<\/li>\r\n \t<li>lung cancer,<\/li>\r\n \t<li>breathing problems (like more severe asthma),<\/li>\r\n \t<li>excessive coughing,<\/li>\r\n \t<li>throat irritation, and<\/li>\r\n \t<li>premature death.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nChildren exposed to second-hand smoke are at increased risk for\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>respiratory illnesses,<\/li>\r\n \t<li>more frequent and more severe asthma attacks (among children with asthma),<\/li>\r\n \t<li>ear infections,<\/li>\r\n \t<li>phlegm, wheezing, and breathlessness, and<\/li>\r\n \t<li>decreased level of lung function.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h1>Consider the Consequences of Vaping<\/h1>\r\nEven though vaping may be less harmful than smoking, there are still several consequences that must be considered. Vaping still exposes you to chemicals that can be harmful for your health and can still lead to nicotine addiction.[footnote]Consider the Consequences of Vaping. Government of Canada. https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/services\/health\/campaigns\/vaping.html. Updated on November 11, 2019. Accessed on February 2, 2020.[\/footnote] Vaping still exposes the individual to dangerous chemicals such as formaldehyde, acrolein and metals such as nickel, tin and aluminum. Moreover, <strong>the long term consequences of vaping and inhaling liquids like vegetable glycerine and propylene glycol is unknown.<\/strong>\r\n<h2>Health Risks of Vaping With Nicotine<\/h2>\r\nNicotine is not known to cause cancer however it is a highly addictive substance that can lead to dependence especially in populations that were not smokers. Children and youth are at risk for nicotine addiction becoming dependent on nicotine levels at lower levels of exposure than adults. Nicotine can affect memory and alter brain development in teens. In teens, nicotine can also reduce impulse control and cause cognitive behavioural problems.[footnote]Risks of vaping. Government of Canada. https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/health-canada\/services\/smoking-tobacco\/vaping\/risks.html. Updated on July 31, 2019. Accessed on February 2, 2020.[\/footnote]\r\n<h2>Second-Hand Vapour<\/h2>\r\nSecond-hand vapour is not harmless but does contain far fewer chemicals than second-hand smoke. However, the health effects of second-hand vapour are still unknown. There is evidence that e-cigarette use increases the level of nicotine and other chemicals on indoor surfaces. Although the health effects of second-hand vapour are believed to be lower than that of second-hand smoke, it is still recommend that user be aware of their surroundings and not vape near children or other non-vapours.[footnote]Risks of vaping. Government of Canada. https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/health-canada\/services\/smoking-tobacco\/vaping\/risks.html. Updated on July 31, 2019. Accessed on February 2, 2020.[\/footnote]\r\n<h2>Vaping Versus Smoking<\/h2>\r\nQuitting smoking is the best thing you can do to improve your health. However replacing smoking with vaping will reduce your exposure to harmful chemicals.[footnote]Vaping and Quitting Smoking. Government of Canada. https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/health-canada\/services\/smoking-tobacco\/vaping\/smokers.html. Updated on December 21, 2018. Accessed on February 3, 2020.[\/footnote] Vaping typically contains a fraction of the 7000 chemicals found in cigarette smoke, does not involve burning or produce smoke. However, a vaping dependance can easily replace a smoking dependance because both of these contain nicotine which is highly addictive.\r\n<h1>Nicotine Addiction<\/h1>\r\nNicotine is the chemical that makes tobacco and some vaping products so addictive. Once you introduce nicotine into your body it craves more. Nicotine is naturally found in the tobacco leaf. When you smoke tobacco nicotine is absorbed in the lungs and then moves into the blood stream where it can access the brain and other body organs. This can all happen within 10 seconds. Several reactions ensue such as increased heart rate and blood pressure, blood vessel constriction and muscle relaxation.[footnote]Nicotine Addiction. Government of Canada. https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/health-canada\/services\/smoking-tobacco\/effects-smoking\/smoking-your-body\/nicotine-addiction.html. Updated on March 7, 2013.[\/footnote]\r\n<h2>Withdrawal Symptoms<\/h2>\r\nStopping smoking causes nicotine levels within the body to drop resulting in withdrawal symptoms. <strong>These symptoms are temporary <\/strong>and are often signs that the body is healing. Knowing what to expect can increase your chances of quitting. Most withdrawal symptoms will happen in the first week. They include the following:[footnote]Nicotine Addiction. Government of Canada. https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/health-canada\/services\/smoking-tobacco\/effects-smoking\/smoking-your-body\/nicotine-addiction.html. Updated on March 7, 2013.[\/footnote]\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>dizziness and shaking<\/li>\r\n \t<li>headaches<\/li>\r\n \t<li>anxiety and irritability<\/li>\r\n \t<li>difficulty concentrating and sleeping<\/li>\r\n \t<li>increased appetite<\/li>\r\n \t<li>slight depression or feeing down<\/li>\r\n \t<li>craving for a smoke<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nCraving cigarettes can last for months even after the withdrawal symptoms are gone. This desire can be amplified in situations of stress, boredom or social exposure to other smokers. During these times it is important to remember your reasons for quitting and remember that these cravings are only temporary.[footnote]Nicotine Addiction. Government of Canada. https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/health-canada\/services\/smoking-tobacco\/effects-smoking\/smoking-your-body\/nicotine-addiction.html. Updated on March 7, 2013.[\/footnote]\r\n<h2>Quitting Smoking or Vaping<\/h2>\r\nThere are several ways you can ease the process of quitting smoking or vaping. There are several commercially available products which help an individual tapper off their nicotine addiction. These products include patches, gums and lozenges. Additionally an individual can seek the help of a counselor to get over their addictive patterns. You can also talk to your doctor for advise and possible prescriptions that can help you quit smoking. Help can also be found online at the Government of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/health-canada\/services\/smoking-tobacco\/quit-smoking.html\">Canada's Quit Smoking Webpage<\/a>. Quitting the use of highly addictive nicotine is a challenge however with the right support and plan anyone can quit smoking or vaping.\r\n<h2>Smoking or Vaping During Pregnancy<\/h2>\r\nWomen who smoke or vape during their pregnancy are at a higher risk of still birth and preterm deliveries. Their babies are also at an increased risk of low birth weight and death in the first year.[footnote]Smoking Cessation During Pregnancy and Relapse After Childbirth in Canada. Government of Canada. https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/public-health\/services\/publications\/healthy-living\/smoking-cessation-during-pregnancy-relapse-after-childbirth-canada.html. Updated on July 7, 2016. Accessed on February 3, 2020[\/footnote] Women are encouraged to quit smoking before coming pregnant and to abstain from smoking for the entire length of their pregnancy. Additionally women should not smoke while breastfeeding as the harmful chemicals that are inhaled can enter the breast milk.","rendered":"<h1>Effects of Smoking<\/h1>\n<p>Tobacco smoke is considered an environmental toxicant containing more than 4000 chemicals. More than 70 of these chemicals are known to cause, initiate and promote cancer.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Biomarkers of Exposure. Government of Canada. https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/health-canada\/services\/publications\/healthy-living\/biomarkers-exposure.html. Updated on May 13, 2014. Accessed on February 2, 2020.\" id=\"return-footnote-541-1\" href=\"#footnote-541-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a> Smoking is linked to more than two dozen diseases and conditions. <strong>Most of smoking adverse effects can start to reverse once you quit. Sometimes these effects will occur in a matter of hours.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><b>Figure 2.11.1.1<\/b><em> Tobacco: Behind the Smoke<\/em><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_664\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-664\" style=\"width: 1670px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-664 size-full\" style=\"color: #373d3f;font-weight: bold;font-size: 1em\" src=\"http:\/\/opentextbooks.concordia.ca\/fundamentalsofhealthandphysicalactivity\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2020\/02\/infographic-tobacco-behind-smoke-eng-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1670\" height=\"2560\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbooks.concordia.ca\/fundamentalsofhealthandphysicalactivity\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2020\/02\/infographic-tobacco-behind-smoke-eng-scaled.jpg 1670w, https:\/\/opentextbooks.concordia.ca\/fundamentalsofhealthandphysicalactivity\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2020\/02\/infographic-tobacco-behind-smoke-eng-196x300.jpg 196w, https:\/\/opentextbooks.concordia.ca\/fundamentalsofhealthandphysicalactivity\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2020\/02\/infographic-tobacco-behind-smoke-eng-668x1024.jpg 668w, https:\/\/opentextbooks.concordia.ca\/fundamentalsofhealthandphysicalactivity\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2020\/02\/infographic-tobacco-behind-smoke-eng-768x1178.jpg 768w, https:\/\/opentextbooks.concordia.ca\/fundamentalsofhealthandphysicalactivity\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2020\/02\/infographic-tobacco-behind-smoke-eng-1002x1536.jpg 1002w, https:\/\/opentextbooks.concordia.ca\/fundamentalsofhealthandphysicalactivity\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2020\/02\/infographic-tobacco-behind-smoke-eng-1336x2048.jpg 1336w, https:\/\/opentextbooks.concordia.ca\/fundamentalsofhealthandphysicalactivity\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2020\/02\/infographic-tobacco-behind-smoke-eng-65x100.jpg 65w, https:\/\/opentextbooks.concordia.ca\/fundamentalsofhealthandphysicalactivity\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2020\/02\/infographic-tobacco-behind-smoke-eng-225x345.jpg 225w, https:\/\/opentextbooks.concordia.ca\/fundamentalsofhealthandphysicalactivity\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2020\/02\/infographic-tobacco-behind-smoke-eng-350x537.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1670px) 100vw, 1670px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-664\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Source: \u00a9 All rights reserved. Tobacco Behind The Smoke. Health Canada. Adapted and reproduced with permission from the Minister of Health, 2020.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Health risks for people who smoke include the following:<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Risks of Smoking. Government of Canada. https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/health-canada\/services\/smoking-tobacco\/effects-smoking\/smoking-your-body\/risks-smoking.html. Updated on May 17, 2016. Accessed on February 2, 2020\" id=\"return-footnote-541-2\" href=\"#footnote-541-2\" aria-label=\"Footnote 2\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[2]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>problems with their heart and blood vessels<\/li>\n<li>stroke<\/li>\n<li>certain types of cancers<\/li>\n<li>lung and respiratory problems<\/li>\n<li>premature death<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Female smokers are also at increased risk for the following conditions:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>cancer of the cervix<\/li>\n<li>problems with periods (menstrual problems)<\/li>\n<li>problems getting pregnant (fertility problems)<\/li>\n<li>premature delivery<\/li>\n<li>having a low birth weight baby<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Male smokers are also at increased risk for <span style=\"font-size: 1em\">problems with erections (impotence\/erectile dysfunction).<\/span><\/p>\n<h1>Health Risks From Second-Hand Smoke<\/h1>\n<p>Second-hand smoke includes both the smoke coming from the burning tobacco and the smoke that is exhaled by the person smoking. Children are especially at risk from second-hand smoke because their respiratory and immune systems are still developing.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Risks of Smoking. Government of Canada. https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/health-canada\/services\/smoking-tobacco\/effects-smoking\/smoking-your-body\/risks-smoking.html. Updated on May 17, 2016. Accessed on February 2, 2020\" id=\"return-footnote-541-3\" href=\"#footnote-541-3\" aria-label=\"Footnote 3\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[3]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>People exposed to second-hand smoke are at increased risk for<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>heart problems,<\/li>\n<li>lung cancer,<\/li>\n<li>breathing problems (like more severe asthma),<\/li>\n<li>excessive coughing,<\/li>\n<li>throat irritation, and<\/li>\n<li>premature death.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Children exposed to second-hand smoke are at increased risk for<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>respiratory illnesses,<\/li>\n<li>more frequent and more severe asthma attacks (among children with asthma),<\/li>\n<li>ear infections,<\/li>\n<li>phlegm, wheezing, and breathlessness, and<\/li>\n<li>decreased level of lung function.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1>Consider the Consequences of Vaping<\/h1>\n<p>Even though vaping may be less harmful than smoking, there are still several consequences that must be considered. Vaping still exposes you to chemicals that can be harmful for your health and can still lead to nicotine addiction.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Consider the Consequences of Vaping. Government of Canada. https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/services\/health\/campaigns\/vaping.html. Updated on November 11, 2019. Accessed on February 2, 2020.\" id=\"return-footnote-541-4\" href=\"#footnote-541-4\" aria-label=\"Footnote 4\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[4]<\/sup><\/a> Vaping still exposes the individual to dangerous chemicals such as formaldehyde, acrolein and metals such as nickel, tin and aluminum. Moreover, <strong>the long term consequences of vaping and inhaling liquids like vegetable glycerine and propylene glycol is unknown.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2>Health Risks of Vaping With Nicotine<\/h2>\n<p>Nicotine is not known to cause cancer however it is a highly addictive substance that can lead to dependence especially in populations that were not smokers. Children and youth are at risk for nicotine addiction becoming dependent on nicotine levels at lower levels of exposure than adults. Nicotine can affect memory and alter brain development in teens. In teens, nicotine can also reduce impulse control and cause cognitive behavioural problems.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Risks of vaping. Government of Canada. https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/health-canada\/services\/smoking-tobacco\/vaping\/risks.html. Updated on July 31, 2019. Accessed on February 2, 2020.\" id=\"return-footnote-541-5\" href=\"#footnote-541-5\" aria-label=\"Footnote 5\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[5]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Second-Hand Vapour<\/h2>\n<p>Second-hand vapour is not harmless but does contain far fewer chemicals than second-hand smoke. However, the health effects of second-hand vapour are still unknown. There is evidence that e-cigarette use increases the level of nicotine and other chemicals on indoor surfaces. Although the health effects of second-hand vapour are believed to be lower than that of second-hand smoke, it is still recommend that user be aware of their surroundings and not vape near children or other non-vapours.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Risks of vaping. Government of Canada. https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/health-canada\/services\/smoking-tobacco\/vaping\/risks.html. Updated on July 31, 2019. Accessed on February 2, 2020.\" id=\"return-footnote-541-6\" href=\"#footnote-541-6\" aria-label=\"Footnote 6\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[6]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Vaping Versus Smoking<\/h2>\n<p>Quitting smoking is the best thing you can do to improve your health. However replacing smoking with vaping will reduce your exposure to harmful chemicals.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Vaping and Quitting Smoking. Government of Canada. https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/health-canada\/services\/smoking-tobacco\/vaping\/smokers.html. Updated on December 21, 2018. Accessed on February 3, 2020.\" id=\"return-footnote-541-7\" href=\"#footnote-541-7\" aria-label=\"Footnote 7\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[7]<\/sup><\/a> Vaping typically contains a fraction of the 7000 chemicals found in cigarette smoke, does not involve burning or produce smoke. However, a vaping dependance can easily replace a smoking dependance because both of these contain nicotine which is highly addictive.<\/p>\n<h1>Nicotine Addiction<\/h1>\n<p>Nicotine is the chemical that makes tobacco and some vaping products so addictive. Once you introduce nicotine into your body it craves more. Nicotine is naturally found in the tobacco leaf. When you smoke tobacco nicotine is absorbed in the lungs and then moves into the blood stream where it can access the brain and other body organs. This can all happen within 10 seconds. Several reactions ensue such as increased heart rate and blood pressure, blood vessel constriction and muscle relaxation.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Nicotine Addiction. Government of Canada. https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/health-canada\/services\/smoking-tobacco\/effects-smoking\/smoking-your-body\/nicotine-addiction.html. Updated on March 7, 2013.\" id=\"return-footnote-541-8\" href=\"#footnote-541-8\" aria-label=\"Footnote 8\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[8]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Withdrawal Symptoms<\/h2>\n<p>Stopping smoking causes nicotine levels within the body to drop resulting in withdrawal symptoms. <strong>These symptoms are temporary <\/strong>and are often signs that the body is healing. Knowing what to expect can increase your chances of quitting. Most withdrawal symptoms will happen in the first week. They include the following:<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Nicotine Addiction. Government of Canada. https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/health-canada\/services\/smoking-tobacco\/effects-smoking\/smoking-your-body\/nicotine-addiction.html. Updated on March 7, 2013.\" id=\"return-footnote-541-9\" href=\"#footnote-541-9\" aria-label=\"Footnote 9\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[9]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>dizziness and shaking<\/li>\n<li>headaches<\/li>\n<li>anxiety and irritability<\/li>\n<li>difficulty concentrating and sleeping<\/li>\n<li>increased appetite<\/li>\n<li>slight depression or feeing down<\/li>\n<li>craving for a smoke<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Craving cigarettes can last for months even after the withdrawal symptoms are gone. This desire can be amplified in situations of stress, boredom or social exposure to other smokers. During these times it is important to remember your reasons for quitting and remember that these cravings are only temporary.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Nicotine Addiction. Government of Canada. https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/health-canada\/services\/smoking-tobacco\/effects-smoking\/smoking-your-body\/nicotine-addiction.html. Updated on March 7, 2013.\" id=\"return-footnote-541-10\" href=\"#footnote-541-10\" aria-label=\"Footnote 10\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[10]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Quitting Smoking or Vaping<\/h2>\n<p>There are several ways you can ease the process of quitting smoking or vaping. There are several commercially available products which help an individual tapper off their nicotine addiction. These products include patches, gums and lozenges. Additionally an individual can seek the help of a counselor to get over their addictive patterns. You can also talk to your doctor for advise and possible prescriptions that can help you quit smoking. Help can also be found online at the Government of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/health-canada\/services\/smoking-tobacco\/quit-smoking.html\">Canada&#8217;s Quit Smoking Webpage<\/a>. Quitting the use of highly addictive nicotine is a challenge however with the right support and plan anyone can quit smoking or vaping.<\/p>\n<h2>Smoking or Vaping During Pregnancy<\/h2>\n<p>Women who smoke or vape during their pregnancy are at a higher risk of still birth and preterm deliveries. Their babies are also at an increased risk of low birth weight and death in the first year.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Smoking Cessation During Pregnancy and Relapse After Childbirth in Canada. Government of Canada. https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/public-health\/services\/publications\/healthy-living\/smoking-cessation-during-pregnancy-relapse-after-childbirth-canada.html. Updated on July 7, 2016. Accessed on February 3, 2020\" id=\"return-footnote-541-11\" href=\"#footnote-541-11\" aria-label=\"Footnote 11\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[11]<\/sup><\/a> Women are encouraged to quit smoking before coming pregnant and to abstain from smoking for the entire length of their pregnancy. Additionally women should not smoke while breastfeeding as the harmful chemicals that are inhaled can enter the breast milk.<\/p>\n<hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-541-1\">Biomarkers of Exposure. Government of Canada. https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/health-canada\/services\/publications\/healthy-living\/biomarkers-exposure.html. Updated on May 13, 2014. Accessed on February 2, 2020. <a href=\"#return-footnote-541-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-541-2\">Risks of Smoking. Government of Canada. https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/health-canada\/services\/smoking-tobacco\/effects-smoking\/smoking-your-body\/risks-smoking.html. Updated on May 17, 2016. Accessed on February 2, 2020 <a href=\"#return-footnote-541-2\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 2\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-541-3\">Risks of Smoking. Government of Canada. https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/health-canada\/services\/smoking-tobacco\/effects-smoking\/smoking-your-body\/risks-smoking.html. Updated on May 17, 2016. Accessed on February 2, 2020 <a href=\"#return-footnote-541-3\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 3\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-541-4\">Consider the Consequences of Vaping. Government of Canada. https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/services\/health\/campaigns\/vaping.html. Updated on November 11, 2019. Accessed on February 2, 2020. <a href=\"#return-footnote-541-4\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 4\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-541-5\">Risks of vaping. Government of Canada. https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/health-canada\/services\/smoking-tobacco\/vaping\/risks.html. Updated on July 31, 2019. Accessed on February 2, 2020. <a href=\"#return-footnote-541-5\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 5\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-541-6\">Risks of vaping. Government of Canada. https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/health-canada\/services\/smoking-tobacco\/vaping\/risks.html. Updated on July 31, 2019. Accessed on February 2, 2020. <a href=\"#return-footnote-541-6\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 6\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-541-7\">Vaping and Quitting Smoking. Government of Canada. https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/health-canada\/services\/smoking-tobacco\/vaping\/smokers.html. Updated on December 21, 2018. Accessed on February 3, 2020. <a href=\"#return-footnote-541-7\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 7\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-541-8\">Nicotine Addiction. Government of Canada. https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/health-canada\/services\/smoking-tobacco\/effects-smoking\/smoking-your-body\/nicotine-addiction.html. Updated on March 7, 2013. <a href=\"#return-footnote-541-8\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 8\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-541-9\">Nicotine Addiction. Government of Canada. https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/health-canada\/services\/smoking-tobacco\/effects-smoking\/smoking-your-body\/nicotine-addiction.html. Updated on March 7, 2013. <a href=\"#return-footnote-541-9\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 9\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-541-10\">Nicotine Addiction. Government of Canada. https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/health-canada\/services\/smoking-tobacco\/effects-smoking\/smoking-your-body\/nicotine-addiction.html. Updated on March 7, 2013. <a href=\"#return-footnote-541-10\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 10\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-541-11\">Smoking Cessation During Pregnancy and Relapse After Childbirth in Canada. Government of Canada. https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/public-health\/services\/publications\/healthy-living\/smoking-cessation-during-pregnancy-relapse-after-childbirth-canada.html. Updated on July 7, 2016. Accessed on February 3, 2020 <a href=\"#return-footnote-541-11\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 11\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":9,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-541","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":527,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbooks.concordia.ca\/fundamentalsofhealthandphysicalactivity\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/541","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbooks.concordia.ca\/fundamentalsofhealthandphysicalactivity\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbooks.concordia.ca\/fundamentalsofhealthandphysicalactivity\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbooks.concordia.ca\/fundamentalsofhealthandphysicalactivity\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/9"}],"version-history":[{"count":16,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbooks.concordia.ca\/fundamentalsofhealthandphysicalactivity\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/541\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1880,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbooks.concordia.ca\/fundamentalsofhealthandphysicalactivity\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/541\/revisions\/1880"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbooks.concordia.ca\/fundamentalsofhealthandphysicalactivity\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/527"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbooks.concordia.ca\/fundamentalsofhealthandphysicalactivity\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/541\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbooks.concordia.ca\/fundamentalsofhealthandphysicalactivity\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=541"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbooks.concordia.ca\/fundamentalsofhealthandphysicalactivity\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=541"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbooks.concordia.ca\/fundamentalsofhealthandphysicalactivity\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=541"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbooks.concordia.ca\/fundamentalsofhealthandphysicalactivity\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=541"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}